Telaah Strategis · Geopolitik Energi · Asia Tenggara
Poros Tanpa Jakarta?Diplomasi Energi Singapura Pasca-Konflik Gas dengan Indonesia dan Ujian atas Hipotesis Blok Energi di ASEAN
Setelah Jakarta memangkas gas pipa, Singapura mempercepat jejaring energinya ke Malaysia, Vietnam, Kamboja, Australia, Teluk, dan Amerika. Kajian ini menguji apakah langkah itu membentuk blok energi yang meminggirkan Indonesia, atau sesuatu yang lebih halus dan lebih berbahaya bagi Jakarta.

Daftar Isi
- IPertanyaan, Hipotesis, dan Cara Menguji
- IIDari Pipa ke Portofolio
- IIIArsitektur Impor Listrik
- IVJohor dan Semenanjung
- VMekong, Laut Cina Selatan, dan Jaringan Darat
- VIDari Darwin ke Jurong
- VIIMolekul dari Jauh
- VIIINuklir, Panas Bumi, dan Kredit Karbon
- IXMenguji Hipotesis
- XMenguji Hipotesis
- XIArah Geopolitik ASEAN
- XIISkenario hingga 2030 dan Indikator Peringatan Dini
- XIIIRekomendasi untuk Indonesia dan Pelajaran bagi ASEAN
- XIVKeterbatasan dan Penutup
Abstrak
Kajian ini menelaah diplomasi energi Singapura sesudah Indonesia memangkas ekspor gas pipa mulai 24 Oktober 2026, dan menguji hipotesis bahwa Singapura sedang membangun blok energi di dalam ASEAN yang meminggirkan Indonesia. Dengan membaca dokumen resmi Energy Market Authority (EMA), pidato menteri pada Singapore International Energy Week 2026, pernyataan bersama dengan Australia dan Malaysia, hasil pertemuan menteri energi ASEAN ke-44, serta analisis Ember, Wood Mackenzie, ACI-NUS, dan ISEAS, kajian ini menemukan bahwa bukti tidak mendukung adanya blok eksklusif yang dirancang untuk mengucilkan Jakarta. Indonesia justru masih menjadi sumber terbesar dalam rencana impor listrik Singapura, sekitar 3,4 GW dari tujuh proyek, dan kabel dari Australia sekalipun harus melintasi perairan Indonesia. Namun bukti mendukung versi hipotesis yang lebih halus: Singapura sedang menyusun portofolio berlapis yang mengurangi daya ungkit Indonesia, sementara Malaysia memperoleh keunggulan pelopor. Bahaya terbesar bagi Indonesia bukan pengucilan yang disengaja, melainkan marjinalisasi karena kelalaian kebijakan sendiri, tepat ketika Singapura akan memegang keketuaan ASEAN 2027 dan ikut menulis aturan kabel listrik bawah laut kawasan.
Singapura tidak sedang membangun blok energi yang mengucilkan Indonesia, melainkan jaringan pemasok berlapis yang membuat Indonesia dapat digantikan sebagian; marjinalisasi Indonesia, bila terjadi, akan lebih banyak lahir dari ketidakpastian kebijakan Jakarta ketimbang dari rancangan Singapura.
- Indonesia tetap menjadi koridor terbesar dalam rencana impor listrik Singapura (sekitar 37 persen dari pipa proyek yang disetujui), tetapi belum satu pun proyek Indonesia memasuki tahap konstruksi karena isu harga, izin ekspor lima tahunan, dan transmisi.
- Malaysia, khususnya Johor, muncul sebagai koridor paling siap: interkoneksi 1 GW sudah ada, persetujuan 900 MW dari Johor diberikan pada Agustus 2026, interkoneksi kedua hingga 2 GW sedang disurvei, dan nota kesepahaman regulator diperbarui dua hari setelah pemangkasan gas.
- Diversifikasi Singapura bersifat global sekaligus regional, mencakup LNG dari Amerika Serikat, Australia, dan Afrika, penyimpanan minyak mentah Saudi, persiapan nuklir bersama IAEA, dan kredit karbon Pasal 6; daya ungkit gas pipa Indonesia karenanya merupakan aset yang menyusut menjelang berakhirnya kontrak pada akhir 2028.
Kata kunci
- diplomasi energi
- Singapura
- Indonesia
- ASEAN Power Grid
- impor listrik
- gas pipa
- LNG
- Johor
- Sun Cable
- Malaysia
- nasionalisme sumber daya
- keketuaan ASEAN 2027
Pertanyaan, Hipotesis, dan Cara Menguji
Pemangkasan ekspor gas pipa Indonesia ke Singapura sebesar 31 BBTUD yang berlaku sejak 24 Oktober 2026 bukan hanya peristiwa teknis di sektor hulu migas. Pemangkasan itu terjadi di tengah sengketa kabut asap, ancaman reklasifikasi indeks saham oleh MSCI, dan retorika keras dari Jakarta tentang negara-negara yang dianggap tidak menghormati Indonesia. Kepala SKK Migas Djoko Siswanto menyatakan keputusan itu diambil untuk menjaga keandalan pasokan gas domestik bagi pembangkit listrik, dengan 15 BBTUD berasal dari Natuna dan 16 BBTUD dari Sumatra, sebagaimana dilaporkan Malay Mail. Dua hari sebelumnya, Menteri Bahlil Lahadalia sudah mengisyaratkan kemungkinan tidak memperpanjang kontrak ekspor gas ke negara tetangga dan memperingatkan negara-negara yang “tidak menghormati” Indonesia. Kajian pendamping berjudul Tiga Puluh Satu BBTUD: Respons Singapura atas Pemangkasan Gas Pipa Indonesia dan Anatomi Ketergantungan yang Menyusut membedah respons darurat dan struktural Singapura terhadap pemangkasan itu. Kajian ini melangkah ke pertanyaan berikutnya, sebuah pertanyaan dengan bobot geopolitik lebih besar: dengan siapa Singapura kini membangun masa depan energinya, dan apakah pola kemitraan itu membentuk sebuah blok di dalam ASEAN yang secara efektif meminggirkan Indonesia.
Hipotesis yang diuji dirumuskan secara tegas agar dapat dibantah. Hipotesis utama (H1) menyatakan bahwa Singapura sedang membangun blok energi bersama Malaysia, Vietnam, Kamboja, dan mitra ekstra-kawasan seperti Australia, sehingga Indonesia tersingkir dari arsitektur energi kawasan dan kehilangan daya tawar. Hipotesis tandingan (H2) menyatakan bahwa Singapura sedang melakukan diversifikasi portofolio secara berlapis, tanpa niat atau kemampuan untuk mengecualikan Indonesia, karena geografi, skala sumber daya, dan jalur kabel justru membuat Indonesia tidak tergantikan. Hipotesis ketiga (H3) berada di antara keduanya: tidak ada blok yang dirancang untuk mengucilkan, tetapi akumulasi keputusan pragmatis Singapura, ditambah kelambanan kebijakan Indonesia, menghasilkan marjinalisasi relatif yang tidak direncanakan. Metode yang dipakai mengikuti logika analisis hipotesis bersaing, yakni menimbang setiap bukti berdasarkan seberapa jauh bukti itu membedakan satu hipotesis dari yang lain, bukan sekadar seberapa sering bukti itu sejalan dengan dugaan awal. Pendekatan serupa telah dipakai dalam kajian Research Center sebelumnya berjudul Bayang-Bayang di Seberang Selat ketika menguji tuduhan operasi intelijen Singapura terhadap Indonesia.
Sumber yang dipakai terutama dokumen resmi Singapura, Malaysia, Australia, dan ASEAN, pemberitaan media kawasan antara Oktober 2023 dan 29 Oktober 2026, serta analisis lembaga riset seperti Ember, Wood Mackenzie, Asia Competitiveness Institute di NUS, dan ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Keterbatasan penting perlu dicatat sejak awal. Banyak kesepakatan energi berbentuk nota kesepahaman atau persetujuan bersyarat yang belum tentu terwujud, sebagian dokumen kontrak gas bersifat rahasia dagang, dan perkembangan sangat cepat dalam satu minggu terakhir membuat sejumlah angka masih diperdebatkan. Karena itu, setiap penilaian dalam kajian ini disertai tingkat keyakinan, dan setiap klaim faktual dihubungkan dengan sumber yang dapat ditelusuri.
Dari Pipa ke Portofolio: Titik Berangkat Singapura
Untuk memahami arah diplomasi energi Singapura, titik berangkatnya perlu dipahami lebih dahulu. Sekitar 95 persen listrik Singapura dibangkitkan dengan gas alam, dan kebutuhan gas hariannya melampaui 1.000 BBTUD. Pada 2025, sekitar 40 persen gas itu datang melalui pipa dari Indonesia dan Malaysia, sedangkan sekitar 60 persen datang lewat laut dalam bentuk LNG dari pasar global, sebagaimana dirangkum Fortune. Gambaran ini sangat berbeda dari masa awal ketika seluruh pasokan gas Singapura datang lewat pipa dari negara tetangga. Menteri Tan See Leng dalam Singapore Energy Lecture 2026 menyebut bahwa kini sekitar separuh gas Singapura diimpor sebagai LNG dari portofolio global yang terdiversifikasi. Pergeseran dari pipa ke portofolio inilah yang menjelaskan mengapa EMA dapat menyatakan bahwa pemangkasan dari Indonesia kurang dari 2 persen kebutuhan gas harian, dan mengapa Perdana Menteri Lawrence Wong dapat menegaskan bahwa investasi terminal LNG telah mengurangi ketergantungan pada satu pemasok, sebagaimana diberitakan Malay Mail.
Meski demikian, portofolio itu tidak lahir dalam satu malam, dan bukan semata-mata respons terhadap Indonesia. Pada 2020, menurut kajian Research Center Ladang di Sini, Lumbung di Sana, pasokan pipa dari Indonesia masih mencakup hampir 60 persen konsumsi gas Singapura. Jakarta pada 2020 menyatakan tidak akan memperpanjang kontrak Corridor setelah 2023, lalu memperpanjangnya pada 2022 dengan volume lebih rendah hingga akhir 2028. Pengalaman ketidakpastian itulah yang mendorong Singapura membangun terminal LNG pertama yang beroperasi sejak 2013, merencanakan terminal kedua yang akan menaikkan kapasitas LNG sebesar 50 persen paling lambat 2030, dan pada 2025 mendirikan Singapore GasCo sebagai pembeli terpusat untuk sektor pembangkitan. Dalam pidato peringatan 25 tahun EMA pada 19 Mei 2026, Wong menyatakan bahwa terminal LNG kedua akan memungkinkan seluruh kebutuhan gas Singapura dipenuhi lewat LNG, dan bahwa pasar saja tidak cukup untuk mengamankan pasokan (PMO Singapura).
Ada satu faktor lain yang sering terlupakan dalam perdebatan bilateral: guncangan pasokan terbesar bagi Singapura pada 2026 tidak datang dari Jakarta, melainkan dari Teluk. Penutupan Selat Hormuz dalam perang yang dimulai akhir Februari 2026 menghentikan kiriman LNG Qatar ke Singapura sejak April. Menurut wawancara CEO EMA Puah Kok Keong dengan S&P Global, Qatar memasok sekitar 48 persen impor LNG Singapura pada 2025, dan GasCo harus mencari kargo pengganti dari Amerika Serikat, Australia, dan Afrika. Ian Storey dari ISEAS bahkan memberi angka yang lebih tinggi untuk ketergantungan pada Qatar dalam ISEAS Perspective 2026/25; perbedaan angka ini menandakan bahwa data rinci asal LNG masih perlu dibaca hati-hati. Dengan demikian, ketika pemangkasan dari Indonesia datang pada Oktober, Singapura sudah berada dalam mode krisis energi selama delapan bulan. Bagi Singapura, Indonesia adalah satu dari beberapa sumber risiko, bukan satu-satunya. Esai tentang relasi Indonesia–Singapura di kba13.com sejak awal menempatkan energi sebagai salah satu pilar interdependensi kedua negara, dan peristiwa 2026 memperlihatkan bahwa pilar itu kini menanggung beban dari banyak arah. Pemahaman ini penting untuk menguji hipotesis blok: banyak langkah yang tampak seperti “menjauhi Indonesia” sebenarnya merupakan respons terhadap guncangan Hormuz dan nasionalisme sumber daya secara umum, yang oleh Tan disebut sebagai kekhawatiran yang terus tumbuh.
Arsitektur Impor Listrik: Enam Gigawatt di Atas Kertas
Tulang punggung diplomasi energi Singapura untuk jangka panjang adalah program impor listrik rendah karbon. Target awal 4 GW pada 2035 yang diumumkan pada Oktober 2021 dinaikkan menjadi sekitar 6 GW, dan EMA menyatakan tetap terbuka memberikan persetujuan bersyarat tambahan bagi proposal yang cukup menarik (EMA, Regional Power Grids). Instrumennya berjenjang. Persetujuan Bersyarat (Conditional Approval) menandakan bahwa proyek dinilai layak secara awal, sedangkan Lisensi Bersyarat (Conditional Licence) merupakan tahap yang lebih maju. Dalam jawaban tertulis kepada parlemen pada 6 November 2025, Wakil Perdana Menteri Gan Kim Yong menjelaskan bahwa sejak awal 2023 EMA telah memberikan persetujuan bersyarat kepada 11 proyek dengan total sekitar 8 GW dari Australia, Kamboja, Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Vietnam, dan bahwa enam di antaranya, semuanya dari Indonesia, sudah memperoleh lisensi bersyarat dengan kapasitas gabungan 3 GW (METI Singapura). Hingga Agustus 2026 jumlah proyek bertambah menjadi 13, dan pada 26 Oktober 2026 satu persetujuan baru sebesar 1,3 GW diberikan kepada Sembcorp Utilities.
Peta proyek itu memperlihatkan sebaran geografis yang luas. Menurut tabel yang disusun Asia Competitiveness Institute NUS per Mei 2026, Indonesia memiliki tujuh proyek dengan total 3,4 GW berbasis tenaga surya dan baterai, Australia 1,75 GW melalui Sun Cable, Vietnam 1,2 GW tenaga angin lepas pantai, Kamboja 1 GW tenaga surya dan pompa hidro, Sarawak 1 GW terutama tenaga air, ditambah proyek percontohan LTMS-PIP hingga 200 MW dan impor 50 MW dari Semenanjung Malaysia. Persetujuan Agustus 2026 untuk 900 MW dari Johor dan persetujuan Oktober 2026 untuk 1,3 GW dari Vietnam dan Malaysia menambah daftar tersebut. Wood Mackenzie, sebagaimana dirangkum SolarQuarter, menghitung total kapasitas yang telah disetujui mencapai 9,25 GW di enam koridor, dengan Indonesia menyumbang sekitar 37 persen.
Namun angka di atas kertas berbeda jauh dari elektron di dalam kabel. Wood Mackenzie mencatat bahwa belum satu pun dari kapasitas itu memasuki tahap konstruksi, dan memproyeksikan bahwa impor hanya akan memenuhi sekitar 15 persen bauran pembangkitan Singapura pada 2035, jauh di bawah ambisi sekitar sepertiga. Hambatannya meliputi izin ekspor, pembiayaan proyek, transmisi lintas batas, dan ketiadaan mekanisme sertifikasi karbon. Singapura sendiri tidak menutupi syarat komersialnya. Wong dalam pidato Mei 2026 menegaskan bahwa impor berbasis fosil tidak boleh lebih mahal daripada pembangkitan gas domestik, dan bahwa premi untuk listrik rendah karbon harus tetap kompetitif dibandingkan opsi seperti kredit karbon. Tan menegaskan hal serupa di SIEW 2026 dengan kalimat bahwa Singapura tidak mengejar impor “dengan segala cara”. Dari sini terlihat bahwa program impor bukan proyek politik untuk merangkul atau mengucilkan negara tertentu, melainkan pasar yang dirancang ketat, tempat setiap koridor bersaing dengan koridor lain dan dengan opsi domestik. Ciri ini penting bagi pengujian hipotesis, karena pasar yang kompetitif menghukum pemasok yang lamban tanpa perlu niat politik untuk mengucilkannya.
Ember memberi gambaran tentang taruhan yang ada di balik angka-angka ini. Dalam analisis Ember pada Agustus 2026, interkoneksi dapat memenuhi hingga 49 persen kebutuhan listrik Singapura pada 2035 dalam skenario jaringan ASEAN yang berjalan, sedangkan tanpa jaringan itu porsinya hanya sekitar 2,5 persen. Koridor Sumatra–Singapura dimodelkan sebagai koridor terbesar di kawasan dengan kapasitas 3.400 MW. Setiap tahun penundaan, menurut model yang sama, membuat Sumatra kehilangan hampir 400 juta dolar AS potensi pendapatan ekspor surya dan air. Angka ini memperjelas bahwa dalam arsitektur impor Singapura, Indonesia bukan pelengkap, melainkan pilar terbesar yang belum berdiri.
Johor dan Semenanjung: Malaysia sebagai Poros Terdekat
Jika ada satu negara yang tampak paling diuntungkan oleh ketegangan Jakarta–Singapura, negara itu adalah Malaysia. Dua hari setelah pemangkasan gas, pada pembukaan Singapore International Energy Week 26 Oktober 2026, EMA dan Suruhanjaya Tenaga Malaysia memperbarui nota kesepahaman yang pertama kali ditandatangani pada 2020. Cakupannya meliputi perencanaan dan keandalan sistem listrik serta gas pipa, regulasi pasar listrik, perdagangan listrik lintas batas, sertifikat energi terbarukan, kapasitas interkoneksi, serta tenaga surya dan penyimpanan energi. Pertukaran dokumen itu disaksikan oleh Wakil Perdana Menteri Malaysia Fadillah Yusof dan Menteri Tan See Leng (Malay Mail; SIEW 2026). Pada hari yang sama, EMA memberikan persetujuan bersyarat kepada Sembcorp Utilities untuk mengimpor 1,3 GW listrik bersama MY Energy Consortium yang beranggotakan Petronas, TNB, dan PetroVietnam Technical Services Corporation, dengan sumber angin lepas pantai Vietnam dan surya Malaysia, ditargetkan mulai pada 2035 (EMA).
Rangkaian simbol itu kuat, tetapi substansinya sudah disiapkan berbulan-bulan sebelumnya. Pada 7 Agustus 2026, EMA memberikan persetujuan bersyarat untuk 900 MW dari Semenanjung Malaysia, terdiri atas 300 MW untuk Sembcorp dan 600 MW untuk Southern Solar Alliance, anak usaha Ditrolic Energy, keduanya berbasis tenaga surya dan baterai di Johor dengan target operasi komersial sekitar 2029 (EMA). Singapore Energy Interconnections, SP Group, dan TNB juga menandatangani perjanjian pengembangan bersama untuk studi interkoneksi kedua Singapura–Semenanjung hingga 2 GW, dan Tan mengumumkan bahwa survei kelautan untuk interkoneksi baru itu dimulai pada Oktober 2026. Di sela SIEW, DBS, Maybank, dan IFC menandatangani kerangka keterbankan dan pembiayaan untuk Southern Johor Renewable Energy Corridor senilai 6 miliar dolar AS, yang dikembangkan bersama Permodalan Darul Ta’zim milik pemerintah negeri Johor dan dimaksudkan sebagai rujukan pembiayaan proyek ASEAN Power Grid (TNGlobal).
Keunggulan Malaysia bersifat struktural. Interkoneksi 1 GW Malaysia–Singapura sudah beroperasi, sehingga proyek Johor tidak harus menunggu kabel bawah laut ratusan kilometer. Wood Mackenzie menyebut koridor Malaysia sebagai yang paling layak dalam jangka dekat, dengan kemungkinan pengiriman awal 300 MW dari Sembcorp pada 2029, sementara proyek 600 MW Ditrolic mungkin memerlukan interkoneksi kedua dan bisa tertunda melampaui 2030. Sarawak menawarkan opsi jangka panjang melalui perjanjian pasokan kabel dengan Prysmian pada Oktober 2025. Lapisan politiknya juga tebal. Johor–Singapore Special Economic Zone menjadi wadah kerja sama ekonomi yang lebih luas, dan pada April 2026 Menteri Ekonomi Malaysia Akmal Nasrullah Nasir menyatakan bahwa kedua negara akan mempercepat kerja sama zona itu, termasuk penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon, sebagaimana dilaporkan Free Malaysia Today.
Akan tetapi, membaca Malaysia sebagai sekutu dalam blok anti-Indonesia adalah kekeliruan analitis. Malaysia sendiri pernah melarang ekspor energi terbarukan ke Singapura pada 2021 demi prioritas domestik, dan baru mencabutnya pada 2023, sebagaimana dicatat oleh ACI NUS dan oleh Mirza Sadaqat Huda dari ISEAS dalam tulisan yang dimuat Eco-Business. Huda juga menunjukkan bahwa ketegangan antara pemerintah federal dan Sarawak dapat menghambat kabel Sarawak–Singapura. Artinya, Malaysia adalah mitra yang sama-sama berdaulat dan sama-sama dapat bersikap nasionalistis, bukan satelit Singapura. Malaysia juga sedang memperluas jaringannya sendiri, misalnya melalui ikrar keamanan energi dengan Australia pada April 2026 ketika Perdana Menteri Anwar Ibrahim dan Anthony Albanese sepakat menjaga aliran minyak dan gas, dengan Australia memasok hampir seluruh impor LNG Malaysia (SCMP). Pola yang terlihat bukan poros tertutup, melainkan banyak negara yang sama-sama memasang jaring pengaman. Bagi Indonesia, pelajaran dari Johor justru lebih menyakitkan daripada teori blok: Malaysia memenangkan keunggulan pelopor karena infrastruktur, kepastian regulasi, dan keterlibatan aktif pemerintah negeri, bukan karena Singapura memusuhi Jakarta.
Mekong, Laut Cina Selatan, dan Jaringan Darat: Vietnam, Kamboja, dan LTMS-PIP
Koridor kedua dalam diplomasi energi Singapura bergerak ke utara, menuju daratan Asia Tenggara. Proyek percontohan Lao PDR–Thailand–Malaysia–Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) sejak Juni 2022 menjadi perdagangan listrik multilateral pertama di ASEAN, mengalirkan hingga 100 MW tenaga air dari Laos melalui Thailand dan Malaysia dengan memanfaatkan interkoneksi yang ada. Fase kedua menggandakan volume menjadi maksimal 200 MW dan memperkenalkan perdagangan multiarah dengan tambahan pasokan dari Malaysia (EMA). Pertemuan Menteri Energi ASEAN ke-44 di Manila pada 7 Oktober 2026 menyambut keberhasilan perdagangan multilateral dan multiarah itu dan mendorong perluasannya (ASEAN). Secara simbolik, LTMS-PIP adalah bukti terbaik bahwa Singapura dapat menyusun rantai pasok listrik lintas empat negara tanpa melibatkan Indonesia sama sekali. Secara kuantitatif, 200 MW hanyalah sebagian kecil dari puncak permintaan Singapura yang menurut Reccessary mencapai 8,6 GW pada Agustus 2026 dan dapat naik hingga 13 GW pada 2031.
Vietnam adalah taruhan yang lebih besar. Pada Oktober 2023, EMA memberikan persetujuan bersyarat kepada Sembcorp Utilities bersama PetroVietnam Technical Services Corporation untuk mengimpor 1,2 GW listrik rendah karbon dari angin lepas pantai Vietnam melalui kabel bawah laut sepanjang sekitar 1.000 kilometer (EMA, 2023). Persetujuan 1,3 GW pada Oktober 2026 menambah dimensi baru karena menggabungkan angin Vietnam dengan surya Malaysia dalam satu konsorsium yang melibatkan Petronas dan TNB. Akan tetapi, hambatan di Vietnam nyata. ACI NUS mencatat bahwa Vietnam memiliki tingkat pembatalan proyek energi bersih tertinggi di antara enam negara utama ASEAN, dengan 63 persen modal yang dijanjikan tertunda atau batal, dan bahwa Undang-Undang Kelistrikan 2024 menetapkan harga dasar ekspor yang dapat menggerus keunggulan biaya. Wood Mackenzie menambahkan bahwa belum ada kerangka bagi pengembang asing untuk membangun pembangkit dan mengekspor listrik melalui kabel bawah laut, meskipun Dekret 272 pada Juli 2026 membuka angin lepas pantai bagi investasi asing.
Kamboja menghadirkan dilema geopolitik tersendiri. Keppel memegang persetujuan bersyarat untuk 1 GW dari Kamboja yang berbasis surya, pompa hidro, dan kemungkinan angin. ACI NUS mencatat bahwa eskalasi konflik antara Thailand dan Kamboja telah mengganggu momentum ekspor surya Kamboja dan interkoneksi Thailand. Wood Mackenzie menambahkan bahwa Kamboja belum memiliki kerangka ekspor yang komprehensif dan menghadapi keterbatasan pasokan domestik. Dengan kata lain, koridor daratan yang sering digambarkan sebagai alternatif bagi Indonesia justru membawa risiko politiknya sendiri, mulai dari konflik perbatasan hingga nasionalisme harga.
Dari sudut pengujian hipotesis, koridor daratan memperlihatkan dua hal sekaligus. Bukti ini sejalan dengan H1 karena memperlihatkan kemampuan Singapura untuk menyusun pasokan tanpa Indonesia, dan menunjukkan bahwa Malaysia berfungsi sebagai simpul transit yang tidak tergantikan bagi semua aliran dari utara. Namun bukti ini juga sejalan dengan H2 dan H3, karena semua koridor itu menghadapi kendala serupa dengan Indonesia: izin, harga, pembiayaan, dan politik domestik. Singapura tidak sedang memilih mitra yang lebih ramah, melainkan menyebar taruhan pada beberapa mitra yang sama-sama tidak pasti. Pola penyebaran taruhan semacam ini lebih tepat disebut lindung nilai daripada pembentukan blok, karena sebuah blok mensyaratkan kesetiaan dan eksklusivitas, sedangkan lindung nilai justru menolak keduanya.
Dari Darwin ke Jurong: Australia sebagai Mitra Ekstra-Kawasan
Australia hadir dalam diplomasi energi Singapura melalui tiga lapisan, dan kajian pendamping Pemasok dari Selatan: Menguji Tesis “Provokasi” dalam Strategi Energi Australia di ASEAN dan Sengketa Gas Indonesia–Singapura 2026 menguji lapisan-lapisan itu lebih rinci. Lapisan pertama adalah proyek listrik. Pada 22 Oktober 2024, EMA memberikan persetujuan bersyarat untuk impor 1,75 GW dari Australia kepada Sun Cable, yang akan membawa listrik surya dari Northern Territory melalui kabel bawah laut sepanjang sekitar 4.300 kilometer, dengan tanggal operasi komersial yang diusulkan setelah 2035 (EMA, 2024). EMA menegaskan bahwa Sun Cable harus memperoleh persetujuan dari yurisdiksi yang dilintasi kabel. Lapisan kedua adalah kerangka kelembagaan, yaitu Singapore–Australia Green Economy Agreement yang ditandatangani pada 2022 (DFAT) dan memuat kelompok kerja untuk menyusun kerangka perdagangan listrik lintas batas, kerja sama pelayaran hijau, serta pembiayaan transisi (METI Singapura).
Lapisan ketiga, yang paling relevan dengan krisis 2026, adalah jaminan pasokan bahan bakar. Pada 23 Maret 2026, Wong dan Albanese mengeluarkan pernyataan bersama tentang keamanan energi yang berkomitmen mendukung perdagangan minyak, termasuk diesel, dan LNG di antara kedua negara, saling memberi tahu dan berkonsultasi tentang gangguan, serta menyerukan agar rantai pasok energi global tetap terbuka (MFA Singapura). Pada 17 April 2026, para menteri kedua negara menyampaikan protokol tentang ketahanan ekonomi dan pasokan esensial, dengan LNG bagi Singapura dan diesel bagi Australia sebagai pertukaran inti, sebagaimana tercatat dalam transkrip MFA. Kesepakatan ini menjadikan Australia jangkar ketahanan molekul bagi Singapura, lebih penting dalam jangka pendek daripada kabel listrik apa pun.
Lapisan pertama justru memperlihatkan bukti paling kuat yang membantah hipotesis peminggiran Indonesia. Menurut Wood Mackenzie, sekitar 3.700 dari 4.500 kilometer rute Sun Cable melintasi perairan Indonesia, dan izin survei yang diperoleh pada 2025 tidak mencakup izin pemasangan kabel. Laporan Energy Voice tentang persetujuan jalur bawah laut di Indonesia mencatat bahwa Sun Cable berkomitmen berinvestasi 2,5 miliar dolar AS di Indonesia sebagai bagian dari kesepakatan tersebut, meskipun linimasa yang dilaporkan saat itu sudah jauh terlampaui. Fakta geografis ini menempatkan Indonesia sebagai penjaga gerbang bagi koridor Australia. Sebuah blok Singapura–Australia yang mengucilkan Indonesia secara harfiah harus melewati wilayah laut Indonesia, sesuatu yang mustahil tanpa persetujuan Jakarta. Australia memang dapat menjadi pemasok LNG dan mitra aturan hijau yang mengurangi kebutuhan Singapura akan gas pipa Indonesia, tetapi tidak dapat menggantikan Indonesia sebagai ruang fisik bagi listrik dari selatan.
Molekul dari Jauh: LNG, Minyak Saudi, dan Arsitektur Ketahanan
Di luar listrik, diplomasi energi Singapura pada 2026 sangat ditentukan oleh molekul. Dalam pidatonya di SIEW 2026, Tan menyebut bahwa ketika kiriman Qatar terganggu, tim GasCo bergerak cepat mencari gas pengganti, bahwa GasCo pada Agustus 2026 mengeluarkan permintaan proposal pertamanya untuk kebutuhan gas setelah 2028 dan berharap memberikan kontrak pertama pada 2027, serta bahwa GasCo menandatangani nota kesepahaman dengan PTT dari Thailand untuk menjajaki kerja sama pasokan LNG. Singapura juga memperbarui nota kesepahaman tentang LNG dan teknologi rendah karbon dengan QatarEnergy selama kunjungan Perdana Menteri ke Timur Tengah (METI Singapura). Waktu permintaan proposal itu patut dicermati. Kontrak gas pipa Indonesia ke Singapura berakhir pada akhir 2028, sebagaimana dicatat The Star, sehingga GasCo sudah menyiapkan kontrak pengganti jauh sebelum Jakarta memutuskan apakah akan memperpanjang.
Lapisan berikutnya adalah cadangan strategis. Pada SIEW 2026, Singapura dan Arab Saudi mengumumkan niat bersama untuk pengaturan penyimpanan minyak mentah, dengan nota kesepahaman antara EMA, JTC, dan Saudi Aramco sebagai langkah pertama, sehingga minyak mentah Saudi akan disimpan di Jurong Rock Caverns mulai paruh kedua 2027 (SIEW 2026). Fortune menggambarkan langkah ini sebagai bagian dari “beberapa lapis pertahanan” keamanan energi Singapura. Lapisan ketiga adalah diversifikasi indeks harga. Puah menyebut bahwa Singapura mempertimbangkan pasokan Amerika Serikat yang lebih besar, bertemu Chevron, Shell, Exxon, JERA, dan Cheniere, karena kontrak LNG Amerika berbasis Henry Hub memberikan diversifikasi harga dibandingkan kontrak yang terkait dengan minyak Brent.
Para analis yang diwawancarai CNA Indonesia membaca situasi serupa. Prateek Pandey dari Rystad Energy menilai pemangkasan dapat dikelola kecuali bertambah besar, tetapi tantangan lebih besar mungkin muncul setelah 2028 ketika sejumlah kontrak berakhir. David Broadstock dan Roger Fouquet dari Energy Studies Institute NUS menilai Singapura relatif mudah mencari gas alternatif, termasuk LNG Australia dan Amerika. Di Jakarta, Dinna Prapto Raharja dari Synergy Policies, dalam wawancara dengan Katadata, mengingatkan bahwa kebijakan itu tampak reaktif, mencampurkan nasionalisme sumber daya dengan respons politik, dan justru akan membuat Singapura semakin bertekad mengembangkan sumber alternatif. Kajian Research Center berjudul Tangga Eskalasi di Selat Singapura merumuskan logika ini sebagai aset daya ungkit yang menyusut: semakin dekat 2028, semakin kecil nilai gas pipa Indonesia sebagai alat tekanan, sehingga muncul godaan untuk memakainya sebelum nilainya habis.
Lapisan molekul ini memberikan bukti paling meyakinkan bagi satu bagian hipotesis, yaitu bahwa Singapura secara sengaja mengurangi ketergantungan pada Indonesia. Namun bagian lain hipotesis, yaitu pembentukan blok di dalam ASEAN, tidak didukung oleh lapisan ini, karena pemasok pengganti justru sebagian besar berada di luar ASEAN: Amerika Serikat, Australia, Teluk, dan Afrika. Pengurangan ketergantungan pada Indonesia dilakukan dengan mengglobalkan portofolio, bukan dengan meregionalkan aliansi.
Nuklir, Panas Bumi, dan Kredit Karbon: Opsi di Luar Peta Kawasan
Lapisan keempat diplomasi energi Singapura adalah opsi jangka panjang yang tidak bergantung pada tetangga mana pun. Dalam pidato Mei 2026, Wong menjelaskan bahwa Singapura telah mempelajari tenaga nuklir selama lebih dari satu dekade, akan memulai fase pertama Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review dari IAEA, dan menekankan bahwa langkah itu bukan keputusan untuk membangun pembangkit nuklir. Ia menyebut seluruh proses bisa memakan waktu lebih dari 15 tahun dan berfokus pada reaktor modular kecil (PMO Singapura). Pada 25 Oktober 2026, sehari setelah pemangkasan gas, Wong menyatakan bahwa Singapura membutuhkan listrik bersih sepanjang waktu dan bahwa tidak ada opsi yang boleh ditolak semata-mata karena sulit atau kontroversial (Malay Mail). Kerangka kerja sama nuklir dengan Amerika Serikat sudah dibangun sejak penandatanganan Perjanjian 123 pada Juli 2024 (The Star), dan di SIEW 2026 Singapura mengumumkan dua program pengembangan tenaga kerja nuklir serta rencana program magister teknik nuklir bersama NUS dan NTU pada 2027.
Singapura juga menjelajahi sumber di bawah kakinya sendiri. Tan mengumumkan bahwa potensi teknis panas bumi di bawah Singapura melampaui enam puluh kali konsumsi listrik tahunan, meskipun belum dapat dipulihkan secara komersial, dan EMA menunjuk Surbana Jurong serta GLJ untuk mempelajari kelayakan panas bumi generasi baru (SIEW 2026). Target surya domestik dinaikkan menjadi 3 GWp pada 2030 dan 4 GWp pada 2035, meskipun Tan mengakui surya tidak akan memenuhi lebih dari 10 persen permintaan 2050. Kapasitas pembangkitan naik 26 persen dari sekitar 12 GW melalui lima pembangkit gas baru antara 2026 dan 2031, dan penyimpanan energi ditargetkan naik dari sekitar 350 MWh menjadi lebih dari 1 GWh pada 2030.
Instrumen kredit karbon melengkapi gambaran. Singapura telah mengoperasikan perjanjian implementasi Pasal 6 Persetujuan Paris dengan Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Rwanda, dan Thailand, menandatangani perjanjian implementasi pertama dengan Filipina pada 8 Juni 2026 dan dengan Laos pada 4 September 2026, serta merujuk perjanjian bilateral dengan Mongolia (Carbon Markets Cooperation Singapura). Dengan Indonesia, kedua pemerintah pada Juli 2026 masih membangun kerangka kerja sama kredit karbon lintas batas di bawah Pasal 6 (Reccessary). Peta ini penting karena memperlihatkan dua hal. Pertama, kredit karbon adalah pesaing langsung bagi impor listrik, sebab Tan dan Wong sama-sama menegaskan bahwa premi impor rendah karbon harus kompetitif dengan opsi pengimbangan karbon internasional. Kedua, kemitraan karbon Singapura menjangkau Afrika, Andes, dan Himalaya, lagi-lagi menunjukkan logika portofolio global, bukan blok regional. Indonesia, sebagai pemilik salah satu cadangan karbon hutan dan potensi penyimpanan karbon terbesar di dunia, justru berada di urutan belakang dalam operasionalisasi kerja sama karbon dengan Singapura, sesuatu yang lebih mencerminkan kecepatan kebijakan di Jakarta daripada pengucilan dari Singapura.
Menguji Hipotesis: Bukti yang Mendukung Tesis Blok
Kejujuran analitis menuntut agar bukti yang mendukung hipotesis blok ditimbang secara serius, bukan diabaikan. Bukti pertama adalah waktu. Pembaruan nota kesepahaman EMA dengan regulator Malaysia, persetujuan 1,3 GW untuk konsorsium Singapura–Malaysia–Vietnam, kerangka pembiayaan 6 miliar dolar AS untuk koridor Johor, dan nota kesepahaman penyimpanan minyak Saudi semuanya diumumkan pada 26 Oktober 2026, dua hari setelah pemangkasan gas. Meskipun sebagian besar kesepakatan itu telah dipersiapkan lama, penyajian serentak di panggung SIEW berfungsi sebagai pesan politik: Singapura memiliki banyak pilihan. Dalam bahasa diplomasi, pesan ini dapat dibaca sebagai upaya mengurangi kredibilitas ancaman Indonesia.
Bukti kedua adalah pergeseran porsi. Wood Mackenzie mencatat bahwa Vietnam, Kamboja, dan Australia secara bersama-sama mencakup sekitar 43 persen pipa proyek, sedangkan Malaysia mendapat porsi yang terus tumbuh melalui Johor, Sarawak, dan konsorsium MY Energy. Jika proyek Malaysia berjalan pada 2029 sementara proyek Indonesia terus tertunda, Malaysia akan menjadi pemasok listrik impor pertama dan paling andal bagi Singapura, posisi yang dalam industri infrastruktur cenderung bertahan lama karena biaya peralihan yang tinggi. ACI NUS secara eksplisit memperingatkan bahwa interkoneksi yang padat modal membuat sering berganti sumber impor menjadi mahal. Logika ini dapat bekerja melawan Indonesia: setiap kabel yang dibangun ke Johor mengurangi urgensi kabel ke Sumatra atau Riau.
Bukti ketiga adalah penilaian kesediaan. ACI NUS menempatkan Malaysia dan Vietnam sebagai mitra yang paling berkomitmen, Laos memiliki niat ekspor kuat, dan menilai kesediaan Indonesia lebih terbatas karena prioritas domestik PLN dan RUPTL, izin yang hanya diperbarui lima tahun sekali, serta ketidakkonsistenan kebijakan sejak perombakan kabinet. Penilaian semacam ini, ketika dibaca oleh investor dan perencana di Singapura, dapat menjadi ramalan yang memenuhi dirinya sendiri: modal mengalir ke koridor yang dinilai lebih berkomitmen, sehingga koridor lain semakin tertinggal.
Bukti keempat adalah kekuasaan menyusun aturan. Pertemuan menteri energi ASEAN ke-44 sepakat mempercepat pembahasan ASEAN Submarine Power Cable Development Framework selama keketuaan Singapura pada 2027 (ASEAN). Kerangka kabel bawah laut akan menentukan siapa yang menanggung risiko, bagaimana izin lintas yurisdiksi diatur, dan standar teknis apa yang berlaku. Negara yang menjadi pembeli terbesar sekaligus ketua ASEAN memiliki posisi istimewa untuk membentuk aturan itu. Jika Indonesia tidak hadir secara aktif, aturan kawasan bisa saja disusun sesuai kepentingan negara pengimpor. Dari empat bukti ini, kajian ini menilai bahwa unsur “pengurangan ketergantungan” dan “pergeseran pusat gravitasi menuju Malaysia” didukung dengan keyakinan tinggi, sedangkan unsur “blok yang dirancang untuk mengucilkan” belum didukung oleh bukti yang dapat diverifikasi.
Menguji Hipotesis: Bukti yang Membantah Tesis Blok
Bukti yang membantah hipotesis blok ternyata lebih banyak dan lebih berat secara struktural. Bukti pertama dan terkuat adalah bahwa Indonesia tetap menjadi koridor terbesar dalam program impor Singapura, sekitar 3,4 GW dari tujuh proyek, dan satu-satunya negara yang proyeknya telah mencapai tahap lisensi bersyarat. Pada September 2024, di tengah perombakan kabinet Indonesia, EMA justru menambah persetujuan 1,4 GW dari konsorsium TotalEnergies–RGE dan Shell–Vena Energy, sebagaimana dilaporkan The Jakarta Post. Sebuah negara yang ingin mengucilkan mitranya tidak akan menaikkan porsi mitra itu dalam rencana strategisnya.
Bukti kedua adalah diplomasi tingkat tinggi yang tetap berjalan. Pada 13 Juni 2025, Tan See Leng dan Bahlil Lahadalia menandatangani tiga nota kesepahaman tentang perdagangan listrik lintas batas, penangkapan dan penyimpanan karbon, serta kawasan industri berkelanjutan (METI Singapura). Pada 6 Juli 2026, dalam Leaders’ Retreat di Jakarta, Danantara menandatangani nota kesepahaman dengan Keppel Electric, Sembcorp Industries, dan Singapore Energy Interconnections untuk proyek listrik lintas batas, sementara Wong menyatakan bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi energi terbarukan yang luar biasa (The Jakarta Post). Ronny P. Sasmita dalam Asia Times mencatat bahwa retreat itu menghasilkan 26 kesepakatan, termasuk proyek surya bernilai miliaran dolar di Morowali, dan menilai Singapura sebenarnya lebih bergantung pada Indonesia untuk energi, ruang udara, dan keamanan Selat Malaka. Bahkan setelah pemangkasan gas, Menteri Luar Negeri Vivian Balakrishnan terbang ke Jakarta pada 27 Oktober 2026 dan bersama Menteri Luar Negeri Arrmanatha Nasir menyepakati rencana satuan tugas bersama untuk menegakkan tanggung jawab korporasi atas kebakaran hutan (The Star), meskipun isu gas tidak dibahas dalam pertemuan itu.
Bukti ketiga adalah bahwa hambatan utama proyek Indonesia lahir dari Jakarta, bukan dari Singapura. Laporan The Star pada Maret 2026 mengungkap bahwa Pasal 37 peraturan ESDM 2021 mewajibkan pembaruan izin ekspor setiap lima tahun dan memungkinkan pencabutan bila ekspor mengganggu pasokan domestik, sehingga proyek dengan horizon 20 hingga 25 tahun sulit memperoleh pinjaman bank. Revisi yang dimulai Menteri Arifin Tasrif terhenti setelah perombakan kabinet Agustus 2024. Pada Februari 2025, Bahlil menahan izin ekspor dengan syarat timbal balik dan meminta Singapura berinvestasi dalam hilirisasi (Indonesia Business Post; Petromindo). Pada 19 Oktober 2026, Bahlil menyatakan ekspor masih tertahan karena harga belum jelas, dan bahwa listrik akan dikirim setelah harga disepakati (Indonesia Business Post). Seminggu kemudian, ia menyebut ekspor listrik mungkin masih jauh dan bahwa pusat data Indonesia membutuhkan 20 GW. Wood Mackenzie menambahkan persyaratan kandungan lokal 40 persen dan standar baterai sebagai faktor penghambat. Dalam rangkaian bukti ini, Singapura tampak lebih sebagai pembeli yang menunggu daripada arsitek pengucilan.
Bukti keempat adalah geografi dan multilateralisme. Rute Sun Cable melintasi perairan Indonesia, koridor Sumatra–Singapura adalah koridor terbesar dalam model Ember, dan pertemuan menteri energi ASEAN ke-44 juga membahas interkoneksi Filipina–Indonesia serta kemajuan BIMP-PIP yang melibatkan Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, dan Filipina. Indonesia bukan pihak yang terkunci di luar jaringan, melainkan simpul yang terhubung ke beberapa subsistem sekaligus. Bukti kelima adalah perilaku Malaysia sendiri, yang pernah melarang ekspor listrik ke Singapura dan kini juga memasang jaring pengaman dengan Australia, sehingga sulit dianggap sebagai anggota blok yang setia. Dengan menimbang seluruh bukti, kajian ini menolak H1 dalam bentuknya yang kuat dengan keyakinan sedang hingga tinggi, menilai H2 terlalu optimistis karena mengabaikan dinamika pergeseran gravitasi, dan menerima H3 sebagai penjelasan yang paling konsisten dengan bukti: tidak ada blok yang dirancang untuk mengucilkan Indonesia, tetapi ada risiko nyata marjinalisasi relatif karena kelalaian.
Bahaya bagi Indonesia bukan pengucilan yang dirancang di Singapura, melainkan kekosongan kursi yang dibiarkan oleh Jakarta sendiri.
Arah Geopolitik ASEAN: Dari Ketergantungan Bersama ke Persaingan Simpul
Bila hipotesis blok tidak didukung dalam bentuk kuatnya, pertanyaan berikutnya adalah ke mana arah geopolitik energi ASEAN bergerak. Kajian ini menawarkan konsep persaingan simpul untuk menjelaskannya. Dalam jaringan listrik kawasan yang sedang tumbuh, kekuasaan tidak terutama ditentukan oleh siapa yang memiliki sumber daya terbesar, melainkan oleh siapa yang menjadi simpul tempat aliran bertemu, aturan dibuat, pembiayaan disusun, dan sertifikat diperdagangkan. Singapura berpeluang menjadi simpul pembeli, pembiaya, dan penyusun aturan; Malaysia berpeluang menjadi simpul transit dan pemasok pertama; Indonesia memiliki sumber daya terbesar, tetapi belum menjadi simpul. Kerangka saling ketergantungan yang dijadikan senjata, sebagaimana dirumuskan Henry Farrell dan Abraham Newman (Belfer Center), membantu menjelaskan mengapa hal ini penting: negara yang menguasai simpul jaringan memperoleh kemampuan mengawasi dan menutup akses, sementara negara pemasok di pinggiran hanya memiliki ancaman memutus pasokan, sebuah ancaman yang nilainya menyusut ketika pembeli memiliki alternatif.
Pemangkasan gas Oktober 2026 memperlihatkan dinamika itu dengan jelas. Indonesia menggunakan instrumen pasokan, sedangkan Singapura merespons dengan instrumen jaringan: kontrak dan jalur hukum, portofolio LNG global, cadangan strategis, dan panggung SIEW untuk memamerkan alternatif. Kajian pendamping tentang respons Singapura terhadap pemangkasan gas membahas instrumen-instrumen itu secara rinci. Pada tingkat kawasan, pola ini berisiko menggeser ASEAN dari ketergantungan bersama menuju hierarki baru, tempat negara kaya modal dan aturan berada di pusat, sedangkan negara kaya sumber daya berada di pinggiran sebagai pemasok bahan mentah energi. Kajian Research Center Ladang di Sini, Lumbung di Sana telah menunjukkan pola serupa pada pasir, gas, dan komoditas perkebunan: nilai tidak direbut secara paksa, tetapi ditangkap oleh pihak yang menguasai titik penghitungan, perdagangan, pembiayaan, dan pencatatan. Buku Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia yang tersimpan dalam arsip pustaka menelusuri bagaimana kapital dan diplomasi Singapura bekerja di Indonesia sejak krisis 1998, dan kajian Bengkel di Seberang Selat menemukan pembagian kerja serupa di galangan kapal Batam. Listrik lintas batas dapat menjadi babak berikutnya dari pola itu jika Indonesia hanya hadir sebagai lokasi panel surya, sementara pembiayaan, sertifikat energi terbarukan, dan aturan kabel disusun di seberang selat.
Akan tetapi, arah ini bukan takdir. Ada tiga kekuatan penyeimbang. Pertama, ASEAN masih bekerja berdasarkan konsensus, sehingga kerangka kabel bawah laut maupun aturan perdagangan listrik kawasan tidak dapat disahkan tanpa persetujuan Indonesia. Kedua, kebutuhan Singapura akan listrik rendah karbon dalam skala besar tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh Malaysia saja; Ember memperkirakan hingga 49 persen kebutuhan Singapura pada 2035 dapat dipenuhi oleh interkoneksi, angka yang mustahil tanpa Sumatra. Ketiga, Indonesia memegang kartu yang tidak dimiliki negara lain: perairan yang harus dilintasi kabel dari Australia, potensi penyimpanan karbon untuk industri Singapura, dan pasar domestik yang sangat besar. Persoalannya, kartu-kartu itu hanya bernilai jika dimainkan dalam kerangka aturan yang kredibel, bukan dalam bentuk ancaman yang berubah-ubah. Kajian Perang Narasi di Seberang Selat mengingatkan bahwa bahaya terbesar bagi Jakarta adalah memperlakukan setiap kritik sebagai operasi asing; dalam ranah energi, bahaya serupa adalah memperlakukan setiap langkah diversifikasi Singapura sebagai pengkhianatan, sehingga Indonesia membalas dengan kebijakan yang semakin mengurangi kepercayaan investor.
Satu catatan tentang Australia juga perlu disampaikan. Kehadiran Australia sebagai pemasok LNG, mitra aturan hijau, dan calon pemasok listrik memang memperluas pilihan Singapura, dan kajian pendamping Pemasok dari Selatan: Menguji Tesis “Provokasi” dalam Strategi Energi Australia di ASEAN dan Sengketa Gas Indonesia–Singapura 2026 menguji apakah Australia memanfaatkan perpecahan di antara negara-negara ASEAN. Dari sudut kajian ini, bukti yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa Australia membangun pengaturan serupa dengan Malaysia dan Singapura secara paralel, didorong oleh krisis Hormuz dan kebutuhan diesel Australia sendiri, bukan oleh agenda khusus terhadap Indonesia. Namun dampak strukturalnya tetap nyata: setiap jaminan pasokan Australia mengurangi nilai tawar gas Indonesia di mata Singapura.
Skenario hingga 2030 dan Indikator Peringatan Dini
Skenario berikut disusun dengan horizon akhir 2030, dengan tonggak kritis berupa berakhirnya kontrak gas pipa pada akhir 2028, keketuaan Singapura di ASEAN pada 2027, target operasi proyek Johor sekitar 2029, dan selesainya terminal LNG kedua Singapura paling lambat 2030. Probabilitas yang diberikan merupakan penilaian subjektif berdasarkan bukti yang tersedia hingga 29 Oktober 2026, dan dimaksudkan sebagai alat diskusi kebijakan, bukan ramalan. Skenario ini juga dirancang agar dapat dibaca bersama skenario eskalasi dalam kajian Tangga Eskalasi di Selat Singapura, yang memberi bobot terbesar pada friksi terkelola.
Skenario yang paling mungkin adalah portofolio berlapis dengan Indonesia tetap di dalam tetapi tertinggal. Dalam skenario ini, Singapura terus memperluas impor dari Johor, menandatangani kontrak LNG jangka panjang melalui GasCo pada 2027, dan tetap mempertahankan proyek-proyek Indonesia di atas kertas, sementara Jakarta dan Singapura menyepakati harga secara parsial tetapi listrik pertama dari Indonesia baru mengalir menjelang atau setelah 2030. Skenario kedua adalah marjinalisasi karena kelalaian, ketika kontrak gas pipa tidak diperpanjang atau diperpanjang dengan volume kecil, proyek listrik Indonesia kehilangan pembiayaan, dan Malaysia menjadi simpul impor utama Singapura. Skenario ketiga adalah rekonsiliasi energi besar, ketika kesepakatan harga tercapai pada 2027, Pasal 37 direvisi, Danantara menjadi pelaksana yang kredibel, dan paket energi baru diumumkan dalam momentum keketuaan Singapura. Skenario keempat adalah blok eksplisit dan fragmentasi, ketika eskalasi politik membuat Singapura secara terbuka memprioritaskan Malaysia, Vietnam, dan Australia, sementara Indonesia membalas dengan pembatasan ekspor lain dan menghambat izin kabel yang melintasi perairannya.
Empat Skenario Diplomasi Energi Singapura–Indonesia hingga 2030
- Portofolio berlapis, Indonesia tertinggal (sekitar 45 persen). Indikator: GasCo memberikan kontrak LNG jangka panjang pertama pada 2027; proyek Johor 300 MW mencapai keputusan investasi final; negosiasi harga listrik Indonesia berlarut tanpa tenggat; kontrak gas diperpanjang sebagian dengan volume lebih kecil.
- Marjinalisasi karena kelalaian (sekitar 30 persen). Indikator: pernyataan resmi bahwa kontrak gas tidak diperpanjang setelah 2028; pengembang Indonesia melepas lisensi bersyarat; interkoneksi kedua Singapura–Semenanjung 2 GW memasuki tahap konstruksi; EMA memberi persetujuan baru di luar Indonesia tanpa proyek Indonesia baru.
- Rekonsiliasi energi besar (sekitar 17 persen). Indikator: revisi Pasal 37 dan perpanjangan masa izin ekspor; kesepakatan harga diumumkan; satuan tugas kebakaran hutan berjalan efektif; paket energi diumumkan pada Leaders’ Retreat 2027; operasionalisasi kerja sama karbon Pasal 6 Indonesia–Singapura.
- Blok eksplisit dan fragmentasi (sekitar 8 persen). Indikator: pembatasan ekspor baru dari Indonesia di luar gas; penolakan atau penundaan izin pemasangan kabel lintas perairan Indonesia; retorika resmi Singapura yang menyebut Indonesia sebagai pemasok tidak andal; kerangka kabel bawah laut ASEAN disepakati tanpa dukungan Indonesia.
Probabilitas bersifat penilaian analitis per 29 Oktober 2026 dan perlu diperbarui ketika indikator berubah, terutama keputusan perpanjangan kontrak gas dan hasil negosiasi harga listrik.
Indikator-indikator di atas sengaja dipilih agar dapat diamati dari sumber terbuka: siaran pers EMA, pengumuman GasCo, pernyataan Kementerian ESDM dan Danantara, hasil pertemuan menteri energi ASEAN, serta laporan keuangan pengembang. Pengambil kebijakan di Jakarta dapat memakai daftar ini sebagai dasbor sederhana untuk menilai apakah Indonesia sedang bergerak menuju skenario rekonsiliasi atau marjinalisasi.
Rekomendasi untuk Indonesia dan Pelajaran bagi ASEAN
Rekomendasi pertama adalah mengubah gas dari alat tekanan menjadi alat tawar yang terstruktur. Kontrak gas pipa yang berakhir pada akhir 2028 sebaiknya tidak diputuskan dalam suasana kemarahan politik, melainkan melalui kalkulasi neraca gas domestik yang transparan, termasuk kebutuhan pembangkit PLN, industri, dan rencana impor LNG Indonesia sendiri. Bila perpanjangan masih rasional secara ekonomi, perpanjangan itu dapat dikaitkan dengan paket timbal balik yang jelas, misalnya investasi dalam rantai pasok surya dan baterai, akses pembiayaan hijau, atau kerja sama penyimpanan karbon. Pendekatan timbal balik yang dikemukakan Bahlil pada 2025 memiliki logika yang sah, tetapi baru efektif bila diterjemahkan menjadi daftar permintaan yang konkret dan dapat dinegosiasikan, bukan syarat yang berubah-ubah. Arah kebijakan energi nasional sebenarnya sudah lama menempatkan energi sebagai modal pembangunan, bukan semata komoditas ekspor. Pada 9 Oktober 2014, Rinaldy Dalimi dalam harian Kompas yang berjudul “KEN-2050 dan Dilema Harga BBM” menjelaskan bahwa Kebijakan Energi Nasional 2050 menghendaki pengurangan ekspor energi secara bertahap dan pembangunan cadangan strategis. Kata kuncinya adalah bertahap dan terencana, bukan mendadak.
Rekomendasi kedua adalah menyelesaikan hambatan regulasi ekspor listrik dalam satu paket. Revisi Pasal 37 perlu memberi kepastian izin sepanjang umur proyek dengan klausul pengaman yang terdefinisi jelas untuk keadaan darurat domestik. Kerangka harga perlu disepakati melalui mekanisme yang dapat diaudit, dan peran Danantara serta PLN perlu ditegaskan agar investor tahu siapa mitranya. Persyaratan kandungan lokal dapat dipertahankan, tetapi dengan jadwal bertahap yang realistis agar tidak membunuh proyek sebelum industri baterai domestik tumbuh. Setiap tahun penundaan, menurut Ember, berarti kehilangan pendapatan ekspor dan investasi surya di Sumatra.
Rekomendasi ketiga adalah memanfaatkan keketuaan Singapura di ASEAN pada 2027 secara proaktif. Indonesia perlu mengirim tim negosiasi teknis terkuat ke pembahasan ASEAN Submarine Power Cable Development Framework, memastikan bahwa aturan tentang perizinan lintas perairan, pembagian risiko, dan pembagian nilai mencerminkan kepentingan negara pemasok dan negara transit. Indonesia juga dapat menggunakan posisinya sebagai jalur bagi kabel dari Australia untuk menuntut standar lingkungan, keamanan, dan nilai tambah lokal. Rekomendasi keempat adalah memperkuat simpul di sisi Indonesia: membangun kapasitas pembiayaan, pasar sertifikat energi terbarukan, dan pusat rekayasa di Batam, Bintan, dan Karimun agar nilai tambah tidak seluruhnya berpindah ke Singapura. Rekomendasi kelima adalah memisahkan isu kabut asap, pasar modal, dan energi dalam saluran diplomasi yang berbeda, sambil memastikan bahwa satuan tugas kebakaran hutan yang disepakati pada 27 Oktober 2026 benar-benar berjalan, sehingga tidak ada isu yang mencemari isu lain. Esai Beyond the Smoke tentang kebakaran 2026 telah menunjukkan bahwa akar persoalan kabut asap terletak pada jaringan korporasi lintas batas, sehingga penyelesaiannya pun harus berupa akuntabilitas korporasi, bukan pembalasan di sektor energi.
Bagi ASEAN, pelajaran utamanya adalah bahwa jaringan listrik kawasan tidak akan tumbuh di atas ketidakpercayaan. Kerangka keamanan energi seperti ASEAN Framework Agreement on Petroleum Security dan rencana kerangka kabel bawah laut perlu dilengkapi dengan norma tentang pembatasan ekspor dalam keadaan krisis: kapan pembatasan sah, bagaimana pemberitahuan dilakukan, dan bagaimana kompensasi diatur. Pernyataan bersama Singapura dan Australia pada Maret 2026 tentang pemberitahuan dan konsultasi sebelum gangguan pasokan dapat menjadi model bagi pengaturan serupa di tingkat ASEAN. Tanpa norma semacam itu, setiap negara akan memasang jaring pengaman sendiri-sendiri, dan ASEAN Power Grid akan tetap menjadi kumpulan proyek bilateral alih-alih jaringan kawasan yang sesungguhnya.
Keterbatasan dan Penutup
Kajian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan. Pertama, sebagian besar kesepakatan yang dianalisis masih berbentuk nota kesepahaman, persetujuan bersyarat, atau kerangka kerja, sehingga kesimpulan tentang arah kemitraan bertumpu pada niat yang dinyatakan, bukan pada infrastruktur yang telah terbangun. Kedua, isi kontrak gas pipa antara pemasok Indonesia dan pembeli Singapura tidak dipublikasikan, sehingga klaim tentang batas toleransi kontrak, termasuk pernyataan Bahlil tentang batas minimum sekitar 91 hingga 92 persen yang dikutip CNA Indonesia, tidak dapat diverifikasi secara independen. Ketiga, angka tentang porsi LNG Qatar, volume pemangkasan, dan pipa proyek berbeda di antara sumber, dan kajian ini memilih untuk menyajikan perbedaan itu secara terbuka. Keempat, kajian ini tidak memiliki akses pada komunikasi diplomatik tertutup; kemungkinan adanya koordinasi informal yang lebih erat antara Singapura dan mitra-mitranya tidak dapat dikesampingkan, meskipun tidak ada bukti terbuka yang mendukungnya. Kelima, beberapa sumber penting, termasuk sebagian esai di kba13.com, tidak dapat diakses secara langsung selama penelitian karena pembatasan teknis, sehingga rujukan pada esai tersebut dibatasi pada informasi yang terverifikasi melalui kajian lain.
Dengan segala keterbatasan itu, kesimpulan kajian ini cukup jelas. Singapura tidak sedang membangun poros tanpa Jakarta. Singapura sedang membangun jaringan tanpa titik kegagalan tunggal, dan dalam jaringan semacam itu tidak ada pemasok yang tidak tergantikan, termasuk Indonesia. Bagi Jakarta, temuan ini sekaligus melegakan dan mengkhawatirkan. Melegakan karena pintu tetap terbuka: Indonesia masih menjadi koridor terbesar, kabel dari selatan harus melintasi perairannya, dan Singapura masih membutuhkan listrik Sumatra dalam skala yang tidak dapat diberikan negara lain. Mengkhawatirkan karena pintu yang terbuka tidak menunggu selamanya: setiap tahun tanpa kepastian harga dan izin, modal dan aturan bergerak ke koridor lain, dan keketuaan Singapura pada 2027 dapat menjadi saat ketika aturan kawasan ditulis tanpa suara Indonesia yang kuat.
Sejarah hubungan kedua negara, sebagaimana dikaji dalam seri kajian Research Center tentang Singapura sepanjang Oktober 2026, berulang kali menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia sering kalah bukan karena kekurangan sumber daya, melainkan karena kekurangan simpul. Krisis gas Oktober 2026 memberi Indonesia kesempatan untuk membalik pola itu, dengan syarat Jakarta memilih memainkan perannya sebagai arsitek jaringan, bukan sekadar pemilik keran. Pilihan itu, lebih dari pilihan Singapura, akan menentukan apakah ASEAN bergerak menuju jaringan bersama atau hierarki baru di sekitar Selat Singapura.
Rujukan dan Sumber
Dokumen resmi dan data
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). Regional Power Grids. EMA Singapura. https://www.ema.gov.sg/our-energy-story/energy-supply/regional-power-grids
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). EMA Grants Conditional Approval to Sembcorp Utilities for 1.3GW of Electricity Imports. EMA Singapura. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-grants-conditional-approval-to-sembcorp-utilities
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). EMA Grants Conditional Approvals for 900 MW of Electricity Trade Between Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. EMA Singapura. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-grants-conditional-approvals-900mw-electricity-trade-between-peninsular-malaysia-singapore
- Energy Market Authority. (2024). EMA Grants Conditional Approval of 1.75 GW of Electricity Imports from Australia. EMA Singapura. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2024/ema-grants-conditional-approval-of-one-point-seven-five-gigawatts-of-electricity-imports-from-australia
- Energy Market Authority. (2023). EMA Grants Conditional Approval of Electricity Imports from Vietnam. EMA Singapura. https://www.ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/news/media-releases/2023/20231024-EMA-Media-Release-EMA-Grants-Conditional-Approval-of-Electricity-Imports-from%20Vietnam.pdf.coredownload.pdf
- Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry Singapore. (2026). Singapore Energy Lecture 2026 by Minister Dr Tan See Leng. METI Singapura. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-energy-lecture-2026-by-minister-for-energy–trade-and-industry–energy-and-industry–dr-tan-see-leng/
- Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2025). Written Reply to PQ on Update on Projects Involving Regional Importers Given Conditional Approvals or Licenses by EMA. METI Singapura. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/written-reply-to-pq-on-update-on-projects-involving-regional-importers-given-conditional-approvals-or-licenses-by-ema-/
- Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2025). Singapore and Indonesia Sign Three Memoranda of Understanding on Cross-Border Electricity Trade, Carbon Capture and Storage, and Sustainable Industrial Zone. METI Singapura. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-and-indonesia-sign-three-memoranda-of-understanding-with-indonesia-on-cross-border-electricity-trade–carbon-capture-and-storage–and-sustainable-industrial-zone/
- Prime Minister’s Office Singapore. (2026). PM Lawrence Wong at the Energy Market Authority’s 25th Anniversary Gala Dinner. PMO. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/pm-lawrence-wong-at-the-energy-market-authority-25th-anniversary-gala-dinner/
- Singapore International Energy Week. (2026). Day 1, 26 October 2026. SIEW. https://www.siew.gov.sg/siew-2026/day-1-26-october-2026
- Singapore International Energy Week. (2026). Singapore Energy Lecture: Five Priorities for a Resilient, Competitive Energy Future. SIEW. https://www.siew.gov.sg/resources/articles/detail/2026/10/26/singapore-energy-lecture–five-priorities-for-a-resilient–compe
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. (2026). Joint Statement by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong and Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on Energy Security, 23 March 2026. MFA. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/newsroom/press-statements-transcripts-and-photos/joint-statement-by-prime-minister-lawrence-wong-and-prime-minister-anthony-albanese-on-energy-security–23-march-2026/
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. (2026). Joint Remarks by Singapore and Australia Ministers on the Protocol on Economic Resilience and Essential Supplies, 17 April 2026. MFA. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/newsroom/press-statements-transcripts-and-photos/joint-remarks-by-singapore-and-australia-ministers-on-the-protocol-on-economic-resilience-and-essential-supplies–17-april-2026/
- Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2022). Australia–Singapore Green Economy Agreement (teks resmi). DFAT Australia. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/singapore-australia-gea-official-text-signed.pdf
- Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry Singapore. (2026). Singapore–Australia Green Economy Agreement: Country Agreement. METI Singapura. https://www.meti.gov.sg/trade-international-economic-relations/agreements/green-economy-agreement-gea/country-agreement/
- Government of Singapore. (2026). Carbon Markets Cooperation. https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/
- ASEAN Secretariat. (2026). Joint Media Statement of the Forty-Fourth ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (44th AMEM). ASEAN. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Adopted-Joint-Media-Statement-of-the-44th-AMEM.pdf
Literatur ilmiah
- Liu, J., Huang, Y., Dass, P., & Yan, B. (2026). Beyond Power Generation Costs: Strategic Considerations for Singapore’s Low-Carbon Electricity Imports (ACI Research Paper 09-2026). Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/aci/acirp202609.pdf
- Storey, I. (2026). Southeast Asia and the Third Gulf War: Impact, Responses and Implications (ISEAS Perspective 2026/25). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ISEAS-Perspective_2026_25.pdf
- Farrell, H., & Newman, A. L. (2019). Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security / Belfer Center. https://www.belfercenter.org/index%2Ephp/publication/weaponized-interdependence-how-global-economic-networks-shape-state-coercion
Analisis kebijakan dan laporan lembaga
- Pham, L. (2026). The ASEAN Power Grid: Why Every Year of Delay Matters. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/the-asean-power-grid-why-every-year-of-delay-matters/
- SolarQuarter. (2026). Singapore’s 9.25 GW Low-Carbon Power Import Projects Face Delays, with Just 15% Share Expected by 2035: Wood Mackenzie. SolarQuarter. https://solarquarter.com/2026/10/08/singapores-9-25-gw-low-carbon-power-import-projects-face-delays-with-just-15-share-expected-by-2035-wood-mackenzie/
- Huda, M. S. (2025). Energy Trade in Southeast Asia: The Need to Address Resource Nationalism. Eco-Business/ISEAS Fulcrum. https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/energy-trade-in-southeast-asia-the-need-to-address-resource-nationalism/
- Tenggara Strategics. (2025). Analysis: Indonesia RE Export Plan with Singapore, Is PLN Out? The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2025/06/24/analysis-indonesia-re-export-plan-with-singapore-is-pln-out
- Sasmita, R. P. (2026). Indonesia–Singapore Reset Marks New Era of ASEAN Transactionalism. Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/indonesia-singapore-reset-marks-new-era-of-asean-transactionalism/
Media dan pemberitaan
- Malay Mail. (2026, 25 Oktober). Indonesia Cuts Natural Gas Exports to Singapore amid Regional Haze Dispute. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/25/indonesia-cuts-natural-gas-exports-to-singapore-amid-regional-haze-dispute/240495
- Malay Mail. (2026, 25 Oktober). Singapore Vows to Protect Contractual Rights over Indonesia’s Gas Export Cut; PM Confirms Nuclear Feasibility Study. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/25/singapore-vows-to-protect-contractual-rights-over-indonesias-gas-export-cut-pm-confirms-nuclear-feasibility-study/240521
- Malay Mail. (2026, 26 Oktober). Singapore, Malaysia Renew Energy Partnership Covering Power, Gas and Renewables. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/26/singapore-malaysia-renew-energy-partnership-covering-power-gas-and-renewables/240678
- Malay Mail. (2026, 23 Oktober). Singapore’s Pipeline Gas from Indonesia under Question as Jakarta Weighs Not Renewing Contracts. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/23/singapores-pipeline-gas-from-indonesia-under-question-as-jakarta-weighs-not-renewing-contracts/240272
- Ang, A. (2026, 26 Oktober). Indonesia Slashes Gas Exports to Singapore by 9%, Claiming It’s in “Survival Mode”. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2026/10/26/singapore-urges-suppliers-honor-commitments/
- The Star. (2026, 26 Oktober). Indonesia Defends Gas Export Cuts; Says Existing Contracts Have Not Been Breached. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/10/26/indonesia-defends-gas-export-cuts-says-existing-contracts-have-not-been-breached
- The Star. (2026, 27 Oktober). Indonesian, Singapore Foreign Ministers Meet amid Spat over Haze, Gas. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/10/27/indonesian-singapore-foreign-ministers-meet-amid-spat-over-haze-gas
- The Star. (2026, 9 Maret). “Should Have Started by Now”: Indonesia’s Plan to Export Solar Energy to Singapore Hits a Snag. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/03/09/should-have-started-by-now-indonesias-plan-to-export-solar-energy-to-singapore-hits-a-snag
- The Star. (2024, 31 Juli). Singapore, US Sign Civil Nuclear Cooperation Pact. https://thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2024/07/31/singapore-us-sign-civil-nuclear-cooperation-pact
- ANTARA News. (2026, 27 Oktober). Indonesia, Singapore FMs Meet amid Gas Export Adjustments. https://en.antaranews.com/news/438187/indonesia-singapore-fms-meet-amid-gas-export-adjustments
- Bloomberg via Yahoo News Singapore. (2026, 27 Oktober). Singapore’s Top Envoy Visits Indonesia after Natural Gas Cuts. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapores-top-envoy-visits-indonesia-after-natural-gas-cuts-043651456.html
- CNA Indonesia. (2026, 27 Oktober). Indonesia Pangkas Ekspor Gas, Apa Dampaknya bagi Singapura? https://www.cna.id/indonesia/indonesia-kurangi-ekspor-gas-singapura-dampak-52276
- Katadata. (2026, 26 Oktober). Indonesia Batasi Ekspor Gas Alam ke Singapura, Apa Risiko Diplomasinya? https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/6adf6523931ff/indonesia-batasi-ekspor-gas-alam-ke-singapura-apa-risiko-diplomasinya
- The Jakarta Post. (2026, 22 Oktober). Indonesia Weighs Halt of Gas Exports as Nation Enters “Survival Mode”. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/10/22/indonesia-weighs-halt-of-gas-exports-as-nation-enters-survival-mode
- The Jakarta Post. (2026, 6 Juli). Indonesia, Singapore Sign Agreement on Cross-Border Electricity Project. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/07/06/indonesia-singapore-sign-agreement-on-cross-border-electricity-project
- The Jakarta Post. (2024, 6 September). Singapore OKs Importing 1.4 GW More Solar Power from RI. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2024/09/06/singapore-oks-importing-1-4-gw-more-solar-power-from-ri
- Reccessary. (2026, 7 Juli). Singapore and Indonesia Target 3.4 GW Power Trade and Article 6 Deal. https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/singapore-indonesia-power-trade-carbon-market
- Reccessary. (2026, 27 Oktober). Singapore Energy Week 2026: Grid, Geothermal. https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/siew-2026-expands-energy-investments-cross-border-power-trade
- S&P Global Commodity Insights. (2026, 3 Juni). Interview: Singapore Secures LNG to Replace Qatar Supply through 2026, Regulator Says. https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/electric-power/060326-interview-singapore-secures-lng-to-replace-qatar-supply-through-2026-regulator-says
- Indonesia Business Post. (2026, 20 Oktober). Indonesian Power Exports to Singapore Stalled over Pricing Dispute, Says Minister Bahlil. https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/7626/energy-and-resources/indonesian-power-exports-to-singapore-stalled-over-pricing-dispute-says-minister-bahlil
- Indonesia Business Post. (2025, 13 Februari). RI Holds Back Green Electricity Exports to S’pore, Demands Reciprocity for Energy Deal. https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/3572/energy-and-resources/ri-holds-back-green-electricity-exports-to-s-pore-demands-reciprocity-for-energy-deal
- Petromindo. (2025, 22 Februari). Bahlil Urges Singapore to Invest in Downstream for Green Electricity Exports. https://www.petromindo.com/news/article/bahlil-urges-singapore-to-invest-in-downstream-for-green-electricity-exports
- TNGlobal. (2026, 27 Oktober). Maybank, DBS, IFC Back $6B Johor–Singapore Renewable Energy Financing Framework. https://technode.global/2026/10/27/maybank-dbs-ifc-back-6-billion-johor-singapore-renewable-energy-financing-framework/
- Free Malaysia Today. (2026, 15 April). Malaysia, S’pore Discuss Strengthening Energy Cooperation. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/15/malaysia-spore-discuss-strengthening-energy-cooperation
- South China Morning Post. (2026). Malaysia and Australia Strike Energy Supply Pledge to Bypass Iran War Disruptions. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3350345/malaysia-and-australia-strike-energy-supply-pledge-bypass-iran-war-disruptions
- Lim, K. (2026, 23 Oktober). What Indonesia’s Warnings of Energy Cuts Mean for Asean. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3371967/what-indonesias-warnings-energy-cuts-mean-asean
- Energy Voice. (t.t.). Indonesia Approves Path for Record-Breaking Australia–Singapore Subsea Cable Project. https://www.energyvoice.com/renewables-energy-transition/353023/indonesia-approves-subsea-path-for-record-breaking-australia-singapore-cable-project/
Arsip dan kajian terkait
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Tiga Puluh Satu BBTUD: Respons Singapura atas Pemangkasan Gas Pipa Indonesia dan Anatomi Ketergantungan yang Menyusut. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/singapura-pemangkasan-gas-indonesia-2026/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Pemasok dari Selatan: Menguji Tesis “Provokasi” dalam Strategi Energi Australia di ASEAN dan Sengketa Gas Indonesia–Singapura 2026. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/strategi-energi-australia-di-asean/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Tangga Eskalasi di Selat Singapura: Pemicu, Indikator Peringatan Dini, dan Jalan Menuju Konflik Terbuka Indonesia–Singapura 2026–2030. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/tangga-eskalasi-selat-singapura-konflik-indonesia-singapura-2026-2030/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Bayang-Bayang di Seberang Selat: Menguji Tuduhan Operasi Intelijen Singapura terhadap Indonesia dari Kabel Laut hingga Pasar Modal. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/bayang-bayang-seberang-selat-menguji-tuduhan-operasi-intelijen-singapura-indonesia/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Ladang di Sini, Lumbung di Sana: Geopolitik Sumber Daya dan Cara Malaysia serta Singapura Memetik Nilai dari Alam Indonesia. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/geopolitik-sumber-daya-malaysia-singapura-alam-indonesia/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Bengkel di Seberang Selat: Batam, Galangan Kapal, dan Ekonomi Politik Perbatasan Singapura–Indonesia. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/batam-singapura-galangan-kapal-ekonomi-politik-perbatasan/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Perang Narasi di Seberang Selat: Buzzer, Operasi Pengaruh, dan Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak” dalam Serangan terhadap Pemerintahan Prabowo. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/perang-narasi-seberang-selat-buzzer-singapura-operasi-pengaruh-prabowo/
- KBA13 Academy Research Center. (2026, 25 Oktober). Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap. https://kba13academy.com/beyond-the-smoke-indonesias-2026-fires-singapore-and-malaysia-linked-corporate-networks-and-the-regional-accountability-gap/
- KBA13 Insight. (t.t.). Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN. https://www.kba13.com/hubungan-indonesia-singapura-2025-analisis-strategis/
- Dalimi, R. (2014, 9 Oktober). KEN-2050 dan Dilema Harga BBM. Kompas. Arsip dan Pustaka KBA13 Academy. https://pustaka.kba13academy.com/s/arsip/item/536
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2025). Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998. Arsip dan Pustaka KBA13 Academy. https://pustaka.kba13academy.com/s/arsip/item/167
Cara Mengutip
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustamam. (2026). Poros Tanpa Jakarta?: Diplomasi Energi Singapura Pasca-Konflik Gas dengan Indonesia dan Ujian atas Hipotesis Blok Energi di ASEAN. Banda Aceh: KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/diplomasi-energi-singapura-pasca-konflik-indonesia/
Guru Besar Antropologi Agama UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh; pendiri KBA13 Insight dan KBA13 Academy. Meraih PhD Sosiologi dari La Trobe University.
Strategic Brief · Energy Geopolitics · Southeast Asia
An Axis Without Jakarta?Singapore’s Energy Diplomacy after the Gas Dispute with Indonesia and a Test of the ASEAN Energy-Bloc Hypothesis
After Jakarta trimmed pipeline gas, Singapore accelerated its energy network towards Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Australia, the Gulf and the United States. This study tests whether that amounts to an energy bloc that sidelines Indonesia, or to something subtler and more dangerous for Jakarta.

Contents
- IQuestion, Hypotheses and Method
- IIFrom Pipes to Portfolio
- IIIThe Import Architecture
- IVJohor and the Peninsula
- VThe Mekong, the South China Sea and Overland Links
- VIFrom Darwin to Jurong
- VIIMolecules from Afar
- VIIINuclear, Geothermal and Carbon Credits
- IXTesting the Hypothesis
- XTesting the Hypothesis
- XIThe Direction of ASEAN Geopolitics
- XIIScenarios to 2030 and Early-Warning Indicators
- XIIIRecommendations for Indonesia and Lessons for ASEAN
- XIVLimitations and Conclusion
Abstract
This study examines Singapore’s energy diplomacy after Indonesia began cutting pipeline-gas exports on 24 October 2026, and tests the hypothesis that Singapore is building an energy bloc inside ASEAN that sidelines Indonesia. Drawing on official documents from the Energy Market Authority (EMA), ministerial speeches at Singapore International Energy Week 2026, joint statements with Australia and Malaysia, the outcomes of the 44th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting, and analysis by Ember, Wood Mackenzie, ACI-NUS and ISEAS, the study finds no evidence of an exclusive bloc designed to shut Jakarta out. Indonesia remains the largest source in Singapore’s electricity-import plans, about 3.4 GW across seven projects, and even the cable from Australia must cross Indonesian waters. The evidence does, however, support a subtler version of the hypothesis: Singapore is assembling a layered portfolio that erodes Indonesia’s leverage, while Malaysia gains a first-mover advantage. The greatest danger for Indonesia is not deliberate exclusion but marginalisation by default, born of its own policy uncertainty, precisely as Singapore prepares to chair ASEAN in 2027 and help write the region’s rules for subsea power cables.
Singapore is not building an energy bloc that excludes Indonesia but a layered supplier network in which Indonesia becomes partly replaceable; if Indonesia is marginalised, the cause will lie more in Jakarta’s policy uncertainty than in Singapore’s design.
- Indonesia remains the largest corridor in Singapore’s electricity-import plans (about 37 per cent of the approved project pipeline), yet no Indonesian project has entered construction because of pricing, five-year export permits and transmission.
- Malaysia, Johor in particular, has emerged as the most ready corridor: a 1 GW interconnector already exists, 900 MW from Johor was approved in August 2026, a second interconnector of up to 2 GW is being surveyed, and the regulators’ memorandum was renewed two days after the gas cut.
- Singapore’s diversification is global as well as regional, spanning LNG from the United States, Australia and Africa, Saudi crude storage, nuclear preparation with the IAEA and Article 6 carbon credits; Indonesia’s pipeline-gas leverage is therefore a shrinking asset as contracts approach expiry at the end of 2028.
Keywords
- energy diplomacy
- Singapore
- Indonesia
- ASEAN Power Grid
- electricity imports
- pipeline gas
- LNG
- Johor
- Sun Cable
- Malaysia
- resource nationalism
- ASEAN chairmanship 2027
Question, Hypotheses and Method
Indonesia’s 31 BBTUD cut in pipeline-gas exports to Singapore, in effect since 24 October 2026, is not merely a technical event in the upstream oil and gas sector. It came amid a haze dispute, a threatened index reclassification by MSCI, and harsh rhetoric from Jakarta about countries deemed not to respect Indonesia. SKK Migas chief Djoko Siswanto said the decision was taken to safeguard the reliability of domestic gas supply for power generation, with 15 BBTUD coming from Natuna and 16 BBTUD from Sumatra, as reported by Malay Mail. Two days earlier, Minister Bahlil Lahadalia had signalled that he might not renew gas-export contracts with neighbouring countries and warned countries that “do not respect” Indonesia. The companion study, Thirty-One BBTUD: Singapore’s Response to Indonesia’s Pipeline-Gas Cut and the Anatomy of a Shrinking Dependence, dissects Singapore’s emergency and structural responses to the cut. This study moves to the next question, one of greater geopolitical weight: with whom is Singapore now building its energy future, and does that pattern of partnership form a bloc inside ASEAN that effectively sidelines Indonesia?
The hypotheses are framed sharply so that they can be refuted. The main hypothesis (H1) holds that Singapore is building an energy bloc with Malaysia, Vietnam, Cambodia and extra-regional partners such as Australia, pushing Indonesia out of the regional energy architecture and stripping it of bargaining power. The rival hypothesis (H2) holds that Singapore is diversifying its portfolio in layers, with neither the intention nor the ability to exclude Indonesia, because geography, resource scale and cable routes make Indonesia irreplaceable. A third hypothesis (H3) sits between them: no bloc has been designed to exclude, but the accumulation of Singapore’s pragmatic decisions, combined with Indonesian policy inertia, produces an unplanned relative marginalisation. The method follows the logic of analysis of competing hypotheses, weighing each piece of evidence by how far it discriminates between hypotheses rather than by how often it fits an initial hunch. A similar approach was used in the earlier Research Center study Shadows Across the Strait to test allegations of Singaporean intelligence operations against Indonesia.
The sources are chiefly official documents from Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and ASEAN, regional media reporting between October 2023 and 29 October 2026, and analysis from research bodies such as Ember, Wood Mackenzie, the Asia Competitiveness Institute at NUS and the ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. Important limitations should be noted at the outset. Many energy agreements take the form of memoranda of understanding or conditional approvals that may never materialise, some gas-contract documents are commercially confidential, and rapid developments over the past week mean that several figures remain contested. Every judgement in this study is therefore accompanied by a confidence level, and every factual claim is linked to a traceable source.
From Pipes to Portfolio: Singapore’s Starting Point
To understand the direction of Singapore’s energy diplomacy, one must first understand its starting point. Around 95 per cent of Singapore’s electricity is generated from natural gas, and its daily gas demand exceeds 1,000 BBTUD. In 2025, around 40 per cent of that gas arrived by pipeline from Indonesia and Malaysia, while around 60 per cent came by sea as LNG from global markets, as summarised by Fortune. This picture is very different from the early years, when all of Singapore’s gas came by pipeline from its neighbours. Minister Tan See Leng, in the Singapore Energy Lecture 2026, said that about half of Singapore’s gas is now imported as LNG from a diversified global portfolio. This shift from pipes to portfolio explains why the EMA could state that the Indonesian cut was less than 2 per cent of daily gas demand, and why Prime Minister Lawrence Wong could stress that investment in LNG terminals had reduced dependence on any single supplier, as reported by Malay Mail.
That portfolio was not born overnight, nor purely as a response to Indonesia. In 2020, according to the Research Center study The Field Here, the Granary There, Indonesian pipeline supply still covered almost 60 per cent of Singapore’s gas consumption. Jakarta said in 2020 that it would not renew the Corridor contract after 2023, then extended it in 2022 at lower volumes until the end of 2028. That experience of uncertainty drove Singapore to build its first LNG terminal, operating since 2013, to plan a second terminal that will raise LNG capacity by 50 per cent by 2030, and in 2025 to establish Singapore GasCo as the central buyer for the power sector. In his speech marking the EMA’s 25th anniversary on 19 May 2026, Wong said the second LNG terminal would allow all of Singapore’s gas needs to be met through LNG, and that markets alone could not secure supply (PMO Singapore).
Another factor is often forgotten in the bilateral debate: the biggest supply shock to hit Singapore in 2026 came not from Jakarta but from the Gulf. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz in the war that began in late February 2026 halted Qatari LNG shipments to Singapore from April. According to EMA chief executive Puah Kok Keong’s interview with S&P Global, Qatar supplied about 48 per cent of Singapore’s LNG imports in 2025, and GasCo had to source replacement cargoes from the United States, Australia and Africa. Ian Storey of ISEAS gives an even higher figure for dependence on Qatar in ISEAS Perspective 2026/25; the discrepancy signals that detailed data on LNG origin must be read with care. When the Indonesian cut arrived in October, then, Singapore had already been in energy-crisis mode for eight months. For Singapore, Indonesia is one of several sources of risk, not the only one. A KBA13 Insight essay on Indonesia–Singapore relations placed energy early on among the pillars of the two countries’ interdependence, and the events of 2026 show that this pillar is now bearing loads from many directions. This matters for testing the bloc hypothesis: many moves that look like “moving away from Indonesia” are in fact responses to the Hormuz shock and to resource nationalism in general, which Tan described as a growing concern.
The Import Architecture: Six Gigawatts on Paper
The backbone of Singapore’s long-term energy diplomacy is its low-carbon electricity import programme. The initial target of 4 GW by 2035, announced in October 2021, was raised to around 6 GW, and the EMA says it remains open to granting further conditional approvals to sufficiently attractive proposals (EMA, Regional Power Grids). The instruments are tiered. A Conditional Approval signals that a project has been judged viable at a preliminary stage, while a Conditional Licence marks a more advanced stage. In a written parliamentary reply on 6 November 2025, Deputy Prime Minister Gan Kim Yong explained that since early 2023 the EMA had granted conditional approvals to 11 projects totalling about 8 GW from Australia, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam, and that six of them, all from Indonesia, had received conditional licences with a combined capacity of 3 GW (METI Singapore). By August 2026 the number of projects had grown to 13, and on 26 October 2026 a new 1.3 GW approval was granted to Sembcorp Utilities.
The project map shows a wide geographic spread. According to a table compiled by the Asia Competitiveness Institute at NUS as of May 2026, Indonesia has seven projects totalling 3.4 GW based on solar and batteries, Australia 1.75 GW through Sun Cable, Vietnam 1.2 GW of offshore wind, Cambodia 1 GW of solar and pumped hydro, and Sarawak 1 GW mainly from hydropower, plus the LTMS-PIP pilot of up to 200 MW and a 50 MW import from Peninsular Malaysia. The August 2026 approval of 900 MW from Johor and the October 2026 approval of 1.3 GW from Vietnam and Malaysia extend the list. Wood Mackenzie, as summarised by SolarQuarter, puts total approved capacity at 9.25 GW across six corridors, with Indonesia accounting for about 37 per cent.
Capacity on paper, however, is far from electrons in a cable. Wood Mackenzie notes that none of that capacity has entered construction, and projects that imports will meet only about 15 per cent of Singapore’s generation mix by 2035, well short of the ambition of roughly one third. The obstacles include export permits, project finance, cross-border transmission and the absence of a carbon certification mechanism. Singapore makes no secret of its commercial conditions. Wong stressed in his May 2026 speech that fossil-based imports must not cost more than domestic gas-fired generation, and that the premium for low-carbon power must remain competitive with options such as carbon credits. Tan made the same point at SIEW 2026, saying that Singapore is not pursuing imports “at all costs”. The import programme is thus not a political project to embrace or exclude particular countries, but a tightly designed market in which each corridor competes with other corridors and with domestic options. This feature matters for testing the hypothesis, because a competitive market punishes slow suppliers without any political intention to exclude them.
Ember illustrates the stakes behind these figures. In Ember‘s August 2026 analysis, interconnectors could meet up to 49 per cent of Singapore’s electricity demand by 2035 if an ASEAN grid materialises, whereas without it the share would be only about 2.5 per cent. The Sumatra–Singapore corridor is modelled as the largest in the region, with 3,400 MW of capacity. Each year of delay, according to the same model, costs Sumatra almost US$400 million in potential solar and hydro export revenue. These numbers make clear that in Singapore’s import architecture Indonesia is not an add-on but the largest pillar not yet standing.
Johor and the Peninsula: Malaysia as the Nearest Hub
If any country appears to gain most from Jakarta–Singapore tension, it is Malaysia. Two days after the gas cut, at the opening of Singapore International Energy Week on 26 October 2026, the EMA and Malaysia’s Energy Commission renewed the memorandum of understanding first signed in 2020. Its scope covers planning and reliability of power and piped-gas systems, electricity market regulation, cross-border electricity trade, renewable energy certificates, interconnection capacity, and solar and energy storage. The exchange was witnessed by Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Fadillah Yusof and Minister Tan See Leng (Malay Mail; SIEW 2026). The same day, the EMA granted Sembcorp Utilities a conditional approval to import 1.3 GW together with the MY Energy Consortium of Petronas, TNB and PetroVietnam Technical Services Corporation, drawing on Vietnamese offshore wind and Malaysian solar, with imports targeted to start by 2035 (EMA).
The symbolism was strong, but the substance had been prepared months earlier. On 7 August 2026 the EMA granted conditional approvals for 900 MW from Peninsular Malaysia: 300 MW to Sembcorp and 600 MW to Southern Solar Alliance, a subsidiary of Ditrolic Energy, both based on solar and battery storage in Johor and aiming for commercial operation around 2029 (EMA). Singapore Energy Interconnections, SP Group and TNB also signed a joint development agreement to study a second Singapore–Peninsula interconnector of up to 2 GW, and Tan announced that marine surveys for the new interconnector began in October 2026. On the sidelines of SIEW, DBS, Maybank and the IFC signed a bankability and financing framework for the US$6 billion Southern Johor Renewable Energy Corridor, co-developed with Permodalan Darul Ta’zim, the Johor state government’s investment arm, and intended as a financing reference for ASEAN Power Grid projects (TNGlobal).
Malaysia’s advantage is structural. The 1 GW Malaysia–Singapore interconnector already operates, so Johor projects need not wait for hundreds of kilometres of subsea cable. Wood Mackenzie calls the Malaysian corridor the most viable in the near term, with initial deliveries of 300 MW from Sembcorp possible by 2029, while Ditrolic’s 600 MW project may need the second interconnector and could slip beyond 2030. Sarawak offers a long-term option through a cable supply agreement with Prysmian in October 2025. The political layer is also thick. The Johor–Singapore Special Economic Zone provides a wider framework for economic cooperation, and in April 2026 Malaysian Economy Minister Akmal Nasrullah Nasir said the two countries would speed up cooperation in the zone, including carbon capture and storage, as reported by Free Malaysia Today.
Reading Malaysia as an ally in an anti-Indonesian bloc, however, would be an analytical error. Malaysia itself banned renewable-energy exports to Singapore in 2021 to prioritise domestic needs and lifted the ban only in 2023, as noted by ACI NUS and by Mirza Sadaqat Huda of ISEAS in a piece carried by Eco-Business. Huda also shows that federal–Sarawak tensions could hold up the Sarawak–Singapore cable. Malaysia, in other words, is an equally sovereign partner capable of equally nationalist behaviour, not a Singaporean satellite. Malaysia is also widening its own network, for instance through an energy-security pledge with Australia in April 2026, when Prime Ministers Anwar Ibrahim and Anthony Albanese agreed to keep oil and gas flowing, with Australia supplying almost all of Malaysia’s LNG imports (SCMP). The pattern is not a closed axis but many countries each putting up safety nets. For Indonesia, the lesson from Johor is more painful than any bloc theory: Malaysia won a first-mover advantage through infrastructure, regulatory certainty and the active engagement of a state government, not because Singapore is hostile to Jakarta.
The Mekong, the South China Sea and Overland Links: Vietnam, Cambodia and LTMS-PIP
The second corridor of Singapore’s energy diplomacy runs north, towards mainland Southeast Asia. Since June 2022 the Lao PDR–Thailand–Malaysia–Singapore Power Integration Project (LTMS-PIP) has been ASEAN’s first multilateral electricity trade, carrying up to 100 MW of Lao hydropower through Thailand and Malaysia over existing interconnectors. Its second phase doubles the volume to a maximum of 200 MW and introduces multidirectional trade with additional supply from Malaysia (EMA). The 44th ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting in Manila on 7 October 2026 welcomed this multilateral and multidirectional trade and encouraged its expansion (ASEAN). Symbolically, LTMS-PIP is the best proof that Singapore can assemble a four-country power supply chain without Indonesia at all. Quantitatively, 200 MW is a small fraction of Singapore’s peak demand, which according to Reccessary reached 8.6 GW in August 2026 and could rise to 13 GW by 2031.
Vietnam is a bigger bet. In October 2023 the EMA granted a conditional approval to Sembcorp Utilities, with PetroVietnam Technical Services Corporation, to import 1.2 GW of low-carbon power from Vietnamese offshore wind through about 1,000 km of subsea cable (EMA, 2023). The 1.3 GW approval of October 2026 adds a new dimension by combining Vietnamese wind with Malaysian solar in a single consortium that includes Petronas and TNB. Yet the obstacles in Vietnam are real. ACI NUS notes that Vietnam has the highest clean-energy project cancellation rate among the ASEAN-6, with 63 per cent of committed capital stalled or cancelled, and that the 2024 Electricity Law sets export price floors that could erode its cost advantage. Wood Mackenzie adds that there is still no framework for foreign developers to build generation and export power by subsea cable, although Decree 272 of July 2026 opened offshore wind to foreign investment.
Cambodia presents its own geopolitical dilemma. Keppel holds a conditional approval for 1 GW from Cambodia based on solar, pumped hydro and possibly wind. ACI NUS records that escalating conflict between Thailand and Cambodia has disrupted momentum on Cambodian solar exports and Thai interconnections. Wood Mackenzie adds that Cambodia lacks a comprehensive export framework and faces domestic supply constraints. In other words, the overland corridors often portrayed as alternatives to Indonesia carry political risks of their own, from border conflict to price nationalism.
For hypothesis testing, the overland corridors show two things at once. They are consistent with H1, demonstrating Singapore’s ability to assemble supply without Indonesia and showing that Malaysia functions as an indispensable transit node for all flows from the north. But they are also consistent with H2 and H3, because every one of those corridors faces constraints similar to Indonesia’s: permits, prices, finance and domestic politics. Singapore is not choosing friendlier partners; it is spreading bets across several equally uncertain ones. Such bet-spreading is better described as hedging than as bloc formation, because a bloc requires loyalty and exclusivity, whereas hedging rejects both.
From Darwin to Jurong: Australia as an Extra-Regional Partner
Australia features in Singapore’s energy diplomacy in three layers, which the companion study The Supplier from the South: Testing the “Provocation” Thesis in Australia’s ASEAN Energy Strategy and the 2026 Indonesia–Singapore Gas Dispute tests in greater detail. The first layer is power projects. On 22 October 2024 the EMA granted Sun Cable a conditional approval for 1.75 GW of imports from Australia, carrying solar power from the Northern Territory through roughly 4,300 km of subsea cable, with a proposed commercial operation date after 2035 (EMA, 2024). The EMA stressed that Sun Cable must obtain approvals from the jurisdictions its cables pass through. The second layer is institutional: the Singapore–Australia Green Economy Agreement signed in 2022 (DFAT), which includes a working group to develop a framework for cross-border electricity trade, green-shipping cooperation and transition finance (METI Singapore).
The third layer, the most relevant to the 2026 crisis, is fuel-supply assurance. On 23 March 2026 Wong and Albanese issued a joint statement on energy security committing to support trade in petroleum oils, including diesel, and LNG between the two countries, to notify and consult each other on disruptions, and calling for global energy supply chains to be kept open (MFA Singapore). On 17 April 2026 ministers from both countries presented a protocol on economic resilience and essential supplies, with LNG for Singapore and diesel for Australia as the core exchange, as recorded in the MFA transcript. These arrangements make Australia an anchor of molecular security for Singapore, more important in the short term than any power cable.
The first layer, though, supplies the strongest evidence against the hypothesis that Indonesia is being sidelined. According to Wood Mackenzie, about 3,700 of the planned 4,500 km of the Sun Cable route runs through Indonesian waters, and the survey permit obtained in 2025 does not cover cable installation. An Energy Voice report on Indonesia’s approval of the subsea route noted that Sun Cable committed to invest US$2.5 billion in Indonesia as part of the deal, although the timeline reported then has long been overtaken. This geographic fact makes Indonesia the gatekeeper of the Australian corridor. A Singapore–Australia bloc excluding Indonesia would literally have to pass through Indonesian sea space, which is impossible without Jakarta’s consent. Australia can indeed be an LNG supplier and a green-rules partner that reduces Singapore’s need for Indonesian pipeline gas, but it cannot replace Indonesia as the physical space for power from the south.
Molecules from Afar: LNG, Saudi Crude and the Architecture of Resilience
Beyond electricity, Singapore’s energy diplomacy in 2026 has been shaped heavily by molecules. In his SIEW 2026 speech, Tan said that when Qatari shipments were disrupted the GasCo team moved quickly to secure replacement gas, that GasCo issued its first request for proposals for gas needs after 2028 in August 2026 and expects to award its first contracts in 2027, and that GasCo signed a memorandum with Thailand’s PTT to explore LNG supply cooperation. Singapore also renewed a memorandum on LNG and low-carbon technology with QatarEnergy during the Prime Minister’s Middle East visit (METI Singapore). The timing of that request for proposals deserves attention. Indonesia’s pipeline-gas contracts with Singapore expire at the end of 2028, as noted by The Star, so GasCo was preparing replacement contracts well before Jakarta decided whether to renew.
The next layer is strategic reserves. At SIEW 2026, Singapore and Saudi Arabia announced a joint intent on a crude-oil storage arrangement, with a memorandum between the EMA, JTC and Saudi Aramco as a first step, so that Saudi crude will be stored in the Jurong Rock Caverns from the second half of 2027 (SIEW 2026). Fortune described this as part of Singapore’s “multiple lines of defence” for energy security. A third layer is price-index diversification. Puah said Singapore was considering more US supply and had met Chevron, Shell, Exxon, JERA and Cheniere, because Henry Hub-indexed US LNG contracts offer price diversification relative to contracts linked to Brent crude.
The analysts interviewed by CNA Indonesia read the situation similarly. Prateek Pandey of Rystad Energy judged the cut manageable unless it grows, but said a bigger challenge may arise after 2028 when several contracts end. David Broadstock and Roger Fouquet of the NUS Energy Studies Institute judged that Singapore could find alternative gas relatively easily, including Australian and US LNG. In Jakarta, Dinna Prapto Raharja of Synergy Policies, interviewed by Katadata, warned that the policy looked reactive, mixing resource nationalism with a political response, and would only strengthen Singapore’s resolve to develop alternative sources. The Research Center study The Escalation Ladder in the Singapore Strait framed this logic as a shrinking leverage asset: the closer 2028 comes, the less Indonesian pipeline gas is worth as an instrument of pressure, creating a temptation to use it before its value runs out.
This molecular layer provides the most convincing evidence for one part of the hypothesis, namely that Singapore is deliberately reducing its dependence on Indonesia. But it does not support the other part, the formation of a bloc inside ASEAN, because the replacement suppliers lie mostly outside ASEAN: the United States, Australia, the Gulf and Africa. Dependence on Indonesia is being reduced by globalising the portfolio, not by regionalising an alliance.
Nuclear, Geothermal and Carbon Credits: Options Beyond the Regional Map
The fourth layer of Singapore’s energy diplomacy consists of long-term options that depend on no neighbour. In his May 2026 speech Wong explained that Singapore has studied nuclear power for more than a decade, will begin the first phase of the IAEA’s Integrated Nuclear Infrastructure Review, and stressed that this is not a decision to deploy nuclear power. He said the full process could take more than 15 years and focuses on small modular reactors (PMO Singapore). On 25 October 2026, a day after the gas cut, Wong said Singapore needs clean round-the-clock power and that no option should be rejected simply because it is difficult or controversial (Malay Mail). A framework for nuclear cooperation with the United States has existed since the signing of a 123 Agreement in July 2024 (The Star), and at SIEW 2026 Singapore announced two nuclear manpower development programmes and a planned joint NUS–NTU master’s programme in nuclear engineering in 2027.
Singapore is also exploring what lies beneath its own feet. Tan announced that the technical geothermal potential under Singapore exceeds sixty times annual electricity consumption, though it is not commercially recoverable, and the EMA appointed Surbana Jurong and GLJ to study the feasibility of next-generation geothermal (SIEW 2026). The domestic solar target has been raised to 3 GWp by 2030 and 4 GWp by 2035, though Tan acknowledged that solar will meet no more than 10 per cent of 2050 demand. Generation capacity will rise by 26 per cent from about 12 GW through five new gas-fired plants between 2026 and 2031, and energy storage is to rise from about 350 MWh to just over 1 GWh by 2030.
Carbon-credit instruments complete the picture. Singapore has operationalised Article 6 implementation agreements under the Paris Agreement with Ghana, Bhutan, Peru, Rwanda and Thailand, signed a first implementation agreement with the Philippines on 8 June 2026 and with Laos on 4 September 2026, and refers to a bilateral agreement with Mongolia (Carbon Markets Cooperation Singapore). With Indonesia, the two governments were still building a framework for cross-border carbon-credit cooperation under Article 6 in July 2026 (Reccessary). This map matters for two reasons. First, carbon credits are a direct competitor to electricity imports, since Tan and Wong both insist that the premium for low-carbon imports must be competitive with international carbon offsetting. Second, Singapore’s carbon partnerships reach Africa, the Andes and the Himalayas, once again revealing the logic of a global portfolio rather than a regional bloc. Indonesia, owner of some of the world’s largest forest-carbon stocks and carbon-storage potential, lags in operationalising carbon cooperation with Singapore, which reflects the pace of policy in Jakarta more than exclusion by Singapore.
Testing the Hypothesis: Evidence Supporting the Bloc Thesis
Analytical honesty requires that evidence supporting the bloc hypothesis be weighed seriously rather than dismissed. The first piece of evidence is timing. The renewal of the EMA’s memorandum with Malaysia’s regulator, the 1.3 GW approval for a Singapore–Malaysia–Vietnam consortium, the US$6 billion financing framework for the Johor corridor and the Saudi crude storage memorandum were all announced on 26 October 2026, two days after the gas cut. Although most of these deals had long been in preparation, their simultaneous presentation on the SIEW stage functioned as a political message: Singapore has many options. In diplomatic terms, that message can be read as an effort to reduce the credibility of Indonesia’s threat.
The second piece of evidence is shifting shares. Wood Mackenzie notes that Vietnam, Cambodia and Australia together account for about 43 per cent of the project pipeline, while Malaysia’s share keeps growing through Johor, Sarawak and the MY Energy consortium. If Malaysian projects come online in 2029 while Indonesian projects remain delayed, Malaysia will become Singapore’s first and most reliable source of imported electricity, a position that in infrastructure tends to endure because of high switching costs. ACI NUS explicitly warns that capital-intensive interconnection makes frequent switching of import sources costly. That logic can work against Indonesia: every cable built to Johor reduces the urgency of a cable to Sumatra or Riau.
The third piece of evidence is the assessment of willingness. ACI NUS ranks Malaysia and Vietnam as the most committed partners and Laos as having strong export intent, while judging Indonesia’s willingness more limited because of PLN’s and the RUPTL’s domestic priority, permits renewed only every five years, and policy inconsistency since a cabinet reshuffle. Read by investors and planners in Singapore, such assessments can become self-fulfilling: capital flows to corridors judged more committed, and other corridors fall further behind.
The fourth piece of evidence is rule-making power. The 44th ASEAN energy ministers’ meeting agreed to accelerate discussion of the ASEAN Submarine Power Cable Development Framework during Singapore’s 2027 chairmanship (ASEAN). The subsea-cable framework will determine who bears risk, how permits across jurisdictions are handled and which technical standards apply. A country that is both the largest buyer and the ASEAN chair is uniquely placed to shape those rules. If Indonesia is not actively present, regional rules could be written to suit importing states. On these four strands, this study judges that the elements of “reducing dependence” and “a shift in the centre of gravity towards Malaysia” are supported with high confidence, while the element of “a bloc designed to exclude” is not supported by verifiable evidence.
Testing the Hypothesis: Evidence Refuting the Bloc Thesis
The evidence refuting the bloc hypothesis turns out to be more plentiful and structurally weightier. The first and strongest point is that Indonesia remains the largest corridor in Singapore’s import programme, about 3.4 GW across seven projects, and the only country whose projects have reached the conditional-licence stage. In September 2024, in the middle of Indonesia’s cabinet reshuffle, the EMA actually added a 1.4 GW approval for the TotalEnergies–RGE and Shell–Vena Energy consortia, as reported by The Jakarta Post. A country seeking to exclude a partner would not raise that partner’s share in its strategic plans.
The second point is that high-level diplomacy continues. On 13 June 2025 Tan See Leng and Bahlil Lahadalia signed three memoranda on cross-border electricity trade, carbon capture and storage, and a sustainable industrial zone (METI Singapore). On 6 July 2026, at the Leaders’ Retreat in Jakarta, Danantara signed memoranda with Keppel Electric, Sembcorp Industries and Singapore Energy Interconnections for a cross-border electricity project, while Wong said Indonesia has tremendous renewable-energy potential (The Jakarta Post). Ronny P. Sasmita, writing in Asia Times, noted that the retreat produced 26 deliverables, including multibillion-dollar solar projects in Morowali, and judged that Singapore is in fact more dependent on Indonesia for energy, airspace and Malacca Strait security. Even after the gas cut, Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan flew to Jakarta on 27 October 2026 and, with Foreign Minister Arrmanatha Nasir, agreed to plan a joint task force to enforce corporate responsibility for the forest fires (The Star), although the gas issue was not discussed at that meeting.
The third point is that the main obstacles to Indonesian projects originate in Jakarta, not Singapore. A March 2026 report in The Star revealed that Clause 37 of a 2021 ESDM regulation requires export permits to be renewed every five years and allows revocation if exports disrupt domestic supply, making projects with 20- to 25-year horizons hard to finance with bank loans. A revision begun by Minister Arifin Tasrif stalled after the August 2024 reshuffle. In February 2025 Bahlil withheld export permits pending reciprocity and asked Singapore to invest in downstream industry (Indonesia Business Post; Petromindo). On 19 October 2026 Bahlil said exports were stalled because the price was not yet clear, and that power would be sent once a price was agreed (Indonesia Business Post). A week later he said electricity exports might be some way off and that Indonesia’s data centres need 20 GW. Wood Mackenzie adds a 40 per cent local-content requirement and battery standards as impediments. In this chain of evidence Singapore looks more like a waiting buyer than an architect of exclusion.
The fourth point is geography and multilateralism. The Sun Cable route crosses Indonesian waters, the Sumatra–Singapore corridor is the largest in Ember’s model, and the 44th ASEAN energy ministers’ meeting also discussed a Philippines–Indonesia interconnection and progress on BIMP-PIP, which involves Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Indonesia is not locked out of the network but is a node connected to several subsystems at once. The fifth point is Malaysia’s own behaviour: having once banned power exports to Singapore and now building its own safety nets with Australia, it is hard to cast as a loyal bloc member. Weighing all the evidence, this study rejects H1 in its strong form with medium-to-high confidence, judges H2 too optimistic because it ignores the shifting centre of gravity, and accepts H3 as the explanation most consistent with the evidence: no bloc has been designed to exclude Indonesia, but there is a real risk of relative marginalisation by default.
The danger for Indonesia is not exclusion designed in Singapore, but an empty seat left by Jakarta itself.
The Direction of ASEAN Geopolitics: From Mutual Dependence to Node Competition
If the bloc hypothesis fails in its strong form, the next question is where ASEAN’s energy geopolitics is heading. This study offers the concept of node competition to explain it. In a growing regional grid, power is determined less by who holds the largest resources than by who becomes the node where flows meet, rules are made, finance is structured and certificates are traded. Singapore is positioned to become the buyer, financier and rule-writing node; Malaysia the transit node and first supplier; Indonesia holds the largest resources but has not yet become a node. The framework of weaponised interdependence developed by Henry Farrell and Abraham Newman (Belfer Center) helps explain why this matters: states that control network hubs gain the ability to monitor and cut off access, while peripheral suppliers hold only the threat of cutting supply, a threat whose value shrinks as the buyer acquires alternatives.
The October 2026 gas cut displayed that dynamic clearly. Indonesia used a supply instrument; Singapore responded with network instruments: contracts and legal recourse, a global LNG portfolio, strategic reserves, and the SIEW stage to showcase alternatives. The companion study on Singapore’s response to the gas cut examines those instruments in detail. At the regional level, this pattern risks shifting ASEAN from mutual dependence towards a new hierarchy in which capital- and rule-rich states sit at the centre while resource-rich states sit at the periphery as suppliers of raw energy. The Research Center study The Field Here, the Granary There has already shown a similar pattern for sand, gas and plantation commodities: value is not seized by force but captured by whoever controls the points where it is counted, traded, financed and listed. The book Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia, held in the archive library, traces how Singaporean capital and diplomacy have operated in Indonesia since the 1998 crisis, and the study The Workshop across the Strait found a similar division of labour in Batam’s shipyards. Cross-border electricity could become the next chapter of that pattern if Indonesia participates only as the site of solar panels while finance, renewable-energy certificates and cable rules are set across the strait.
This direction is not destiny, however. Three counterweights exist. First, ASEAN still works by consensus, so neither the subsea-cable framework nor regional power-trade rules can be adopted without Indonesia’s agreement. Second, Singapore’s need for low-carbon power at scale cannot be met by Malaysia alone; Ember estimates that up to 49 per cent of Singapore’s demand in 2035 could be met by interconnectors, a figure impossible without Sumatra. Third, Indonesia holds cards no one else holds: the waters that a cable from Australia must cross, carbon-storage potential for Singaporean industry, and a very large domestic market. The problem is that these cards are valuable only when played within a credible rules framework, not as shifting threats. The study The Narrative War Across the Strait warned that the biggest danger for Jakarta is treating every critic as a foreign operation; in the energy domain, the equivalent danger is treating every Singaporean diversification move as betrayal, so that Indonesia retaliates with policies that further erode investor confidence.
A note on Australia is also warranted. Australia’s presence as an LNG supplier, a green-rules partner and a prospective power supplier does widen Singapore’s options, and the companion study The Supplier from the South: Testing the “Provocation” Thesis in Australia’s ASEAN Energy Strategy and the 2026 Indonesia–Singapore Gas Dispute tests whether Australia exploits divisions among ASEAN states. From this study’s vantage point, the available evidence shows Australia building similar arrangements with Malaysia and Singapore in parallel, driven by the Hormuz crisis and Australia’s own diesel needs, not by an agenda aimed specifically at Indonesia. Its structural effect remains real, however: every Australian supply assurance reduces the bargaining value of Indonesian gas in Singapore’s eyes.
Scenarios to 2030 and Early-Warning Indicators
The following scenarios run to the end of 2030, with critical milestones being the expiry of the pipeline-gas contracts at the end of 2028, Singapore’s ASEAN chairmanship in 2027, the target operating date of the Johor projects around 2029, and the completion of Singapore’s second LNG terminal by 2030. The probabilities given are subjective assessments based on evidence available up to 29 October 2026 and are intended as a tool for policy discussion, not a forecast. The scenarios are also designed to be read alongside the escalation scenarios in The Escalation Ladder in the Singapore Strait, which assigns the greatest weight to managed friction.
The most likely scenario is a layered portfolio in which Indonesia stays in but falls behind. Here Singapore keeps expanding imports from Johor, signs long-term LNG contracts through GasCo in 2027, and keeps Indonesian projects alive on paper, while Jakarta and Singapore agree on prices partially and the first Indonesian power flows only around or after 2030. The second scenario is marginalisation by default: the pipeline-gas contracts are not renewed or are renewed at small volumes, Indonesian power projects lose financing, and Malaysia becomes Singapore’s main import hub. The third is a grand energy reconciliation: a price agreement is reached in 2027, Clause 37 is revised, Danantara becomes a credible implementer, and a new energy package is announced during Singapore’s chairmanship. The fourth is an explicit bloc and fragmentation: political escalation leads Singapore openly to prioritise Malaysia, Vietnam and Australia, while Indonesia retaliates with other export restrictions and obstructs permits for cables crossing its waters.
Four Scenarios for Singapore–Indonesia Energy Diplomacy to 2030
- Layered portfolio, Indonesia lagging (about 45 per cent). Indicators: GasCo awards its first long-term LNG contracts in 2027; the 300 MW Johor project reaches final investment decision; Indonesian power-price negotiations drag on without a deadline; gas contracts are partly renewed at lower volumes.
- Marginalisation by default (about 30 per cent). Indicators: an official statement that gas contracts will not be renewed after 2028; Indonesian developers relinquish conditional licences; the second 2 GW Singapore–Peninsula interconnector enters construction; the EMA grants new approvals outside Indonesia with no new Indonesian projects.
- Grand energy reconciliation (about 17 per cent). Indicators: revision of Clause 37 and longer export-permit terms; a price agreement is announced; the forest-fire task force works effectively; an energy package is announced at the 2027 Leaders’ Retreat; Indonesia–Singapore Article 6 carbon cooperation is operationalised.
- Explicit bloc and fragmentation (about 8 per cent). Indicators: new Indonesian export restrictions beyond gas; refusal or delay of cable-installation permits across Indonesian waters; official Singaporean rhetoric calling Indonesia an unreliable supplier; an ASEAN subsea-cable framework agreed without Indonesian support.
Probabilities are analytical judgements as of 29 October 2026 and should be updated as indicators change, especially the gas-contract renewal decision and the outcome of power-price negotiations.
The indicators above were deliberately chosen to be observable from open sources: EMA press releases, GasCo announcements, statements by the ESDM ministry and Danantara, the outcomes of ASEAN energy ministers’ meetings, and developers’ financial reports. Policymakers in Jakarta can use this list as a simple dashboard to judge whether Indonesia is moving towards reconciliation or marginalisation.
Recommendations for Indonesia and Lessons for ASEAN
The first recommendation is to turn gas from an instrument of pressure into a structured bargaining asset. The pipeline-gas contracts expiring at the end of 2028 should not be decided in a mood of political anger but through a transparent calculation of the domestic gas balance, including the needs of PLN’s power plants, industry and Indonesia’s own LNG import plans. If renewal remains economically rational, it can be linked to a clear reciprocity package, such as investment in solar and battery supply chains, access to green finance or carbon-storage cooperation. The reciprocity approach Bahlil set out in 2025 has a legitimate logic, but it becomes effective only when translated into a concrete, negotiable list of demands rather than shifting conditions. National energy policy has long treated energy as development capital rather than merely an export commodity. On 9 October 2014, Rinaldy Dalimi, writing in the daily Kompas under the title “KEN-2050 dan Dilema Harga BBM”, explained that the National Energy Policy 2050 calls for a gradual reduction of energy exports and the building of strategic reserves. The key words are gradual and planned, not abrupt.
The second recommendation is to resolve the regulatory barriers to power exports in a single package. A revision of Clause 37 should provide permit certainty for the life of a project, with clearly defined safeguard clauses for domestic emergencies. A pricing framework should be agreed through an auditable mechanism, and the roles of Danantara and PLN should be clarified so that investors know who their counterpart is. Local-content requirements can be retained, but with a realistic phased schedule so that they do not kill projects before a domestic battery industry has grown. Every year of delay, according to Ember, means lost export revenue and solar investment in Sumatra.
The third recommendation is to engage Singapore’s 2027 ASEAN chairmanship proactively. Indonesia should send its strongest technical negotiating team to the ASEAN Submarine Power Cable Development Framework talks, ensuring that rules on permits across sea space, risk-sharing and value-sharing reflect the interests of supplier and transit states. Indonesia can also use its position on the route of the Australian cable to demand environmental, security and local value-added standards. The fourth recommendation is to strengthen the nodes on the Indonesian side: building finance capacity, a renewable-energy-certificate market and engineering centres in Batam, Bintan and Karimun so that value added does not all migrate to Singapore. The fifth recommendation is to separate haze, capital-market and energy issues into different diplomatic channels, while ensuring that the forest-fire task force agreed on 27 October 2026 actually functions, so that no issue contaminates another. The essay Beyond the Smoke on the 2026 fires showed that the roots of the haze problem lie in cross-border corporate networks, so the solution must be corporate accountability, not retaliation in the energy sector.
For ASEAN, the main lesson is that a regional grid will not grow on mistrust. Energy-security frameworks such as the ASEAN Framework Agreement on Petroleum Security and the planned subsea-cable framework need to be complemented by norms on export restrictions in times of crisis: when restrictions are legitimate, how notice is given and how compensation is handled. The March 2026 Singapore–Australia joint statement on notification and consultation ahead of supply disruptions could serve as a model for a similar arrangement at ASEAN level. Without such norms, each country will put up its own safety nets, and the ASEAN Power Grid will remain a collection of bilateral projects rather than a genuine regional network.
Limitations and Conclusion
This study has several limitations. First, most of the agreements analysed are still memoranda, conditional approvals or frameworks, so conclusions about the direction of partnerships rest on stated intent rather than built infrastructure. Second, the contents of pipeline-gas contracts between Indonesian suppliers and Singaporean buyers are not public, so claims about contractual tolerance limits, including Bahlil’s statement of a minimum of about 91 to 92 per cent quoted by CNA Indonesia, cannot be independently verified. Third, figures on Qatar’s LNG share, the volume of the cut and the project pipeline differ between sources, and this study has chosen to present those differences openly. Fourth, the study has no access to closed diplomatic communications; the possibility of closer informal coordination between Singapore and its partners cannot be ruled out, although no open evidence supports it. Fifth, several important sources, including some essays on kba13.com, could not be accessed directly during the research because of technical restrictions, so references to those essays are limited to information verified through other studies.
With all these limitations, the conclusion is clear enough. Singapore is not building an axis without Jakarta. It is building a network without a single point of failure, and in such a network no supplier is irreplaceable, Indonesia included. For Jakarta, this finding is at once reassuring and worrying. Reassuring because the door remains open: Indonesia is still the largest corridor, the cable from the south must cross its waters, and Singapore still needs Sumatran power on a scale no other country can supply. Worrying because an open door does not wait forever: every year without price and permit certainty, capital and rules move to other corridors, and Singapore’s 2027 chairmanship could become the moment when regional rules are written without a strong Indonesian voice.
The history of the two countries’ relations, as examined in the Research Center’s series of studies on Singapore throughout October 2026, repeatedly shows that Indonesia often loses not for lack of resources but for lack of nodes. The gas crisis of October 2026 gives Indonesia an opportunity to reverse that pattern, provided Jakarta chooses to play the role of network architect rather than merely owner of the tap. That choice, more than Singapore’s, will determine whether ASEAN moves towards a shared grid or a new hierarchy around the Singapore Strait.
References and Sources
Official documents and data
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). Regional Power Grids. EMA Singapore. https://www.ema.gov.sg/our-energy-story/energy-supply/regional-power-grids
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). EMA Grants Conditional Approval to Sembcorp Utilities for 1.3GW of Electricity Imports. EMA Singapore. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-grants-conditional-approval-to-sembcorp-utilities
- Energy Market Authority. (2026). EMA Grants Conditional Approvals for 900 MW of Electricity Trade Between Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. EMA Singapore. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2026/ema-grants-conditional-approvals-900mw-electricity-trade-between-peninsular-malaysia-singapore
- Energy Market Authority. (2024). EMA Grants Conditional Approval of 1.75 GW of Electricity Imports from Australia. EMA Singapore. https://www.ema.gov.sg/news-events/news/media-releases/2024/ema-grants-conditional-approval-of-one-point-seven-five-gigawatts-of-electricity-imports-from-australia
- Energy Market Authority. (2023). EMA Grants Conditional Approval of Electricity Imports from Vietnam. EMA Singapore. https://www.ema.gov.sg/content/dam/corporate/news/media-releases/2023/20231024-EMA-Media-Release-EMA-Grants-Conditional-Approval-of-Electricity-Imports-from%20Vietnam.pdf.coredownload.pdf
- Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry Singapore. (2026). Singapore Energy Lecture 2026 by Minister Dr Tan See Leng. METI Singapore. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-energy-lecture-2026-by-minister-for-energy–trade-and-industry–energy-and-industry–dr-tan-see-leng/
- Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2025). Written Reply to PQ on Update on Projects Involving Regional Importers Given Conditional Approvals or Licenses by EMA. METI Singapore. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/written-reply-to-pq-on-update-on-projects-involving-regional-importers-given-conditional-approvals-or-licenses-by-ema-/
- Ministry of Trade and Industry Singapore. (2025). Singapore and Indonesia Sign Three Memoranda of Understanding on Cross-Border Electricity Trade, Carbon Capture and Storage, and Sustainable Industrial Zone. METI Singapore. https://www.meti.gov.sg/newsroom/singapore-and-indonesia-sign-three-memoranda-of-understanding-with-indonesia-on-cross-border-electricity-trade–carbon-capture-and-storage–and-sustainable-industrial-zone/
- Prime Minister’s Office Singapore. (2026). PM Lawrence Wong at the Energy Market Authority’s 25th Anniversary Gala Dinner. PMO. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/newsroom/pm-lawrence-wong-at-the-energy-market-authority-25th-anniversary-gala-dinner/
- Singapore International Energy Week. (2026). Day 1, 26 October 2026. SIEW. https://www.siew.gov.sg/siew-2026/day-1-26-october-2026
- Singapore International Energy Week. (2026). Singapore Energy Lecture: Five Priorities for a Resilient, Competitive Energy Future. SIEW. https://www.siew.gov.sg/resources/articles/detail/2026/10/26/singapore-energy-lecture–five-priorities-for-a-resilient–compe
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. (2026). Joint Statement by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong and Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on Energy Security, 23 March 2026. MFA. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/newsroom/press-statements-transcripts-and-photos/joint-statement-by-prime-minister-lawrence-wong-and-prime-minister-anthony-albanese-on-energy-security–23-march-2026/
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. (2026). Joint Remarks by Singapore and Australia Ministers on the Protocol on Economic Resilience and Essential Supplies, 17 April 2026. MFA. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/newsroom/press-statements-transcripts-and-photos/joint-remarks-by-singapore-and-australia-ministers-on-the-protocol-on-economic-resilience-and-essential-supplies–17-april-2026/
- Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2022). Australia–Singapore Green Economy Agreement (official text). DFAT Australia. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/singapore-australia-gea-official-text-signed.pdf
- Ministry of Energy, Trade and Industry Singapore. (2026). Singapore–Australia Green Economy Agreement: Country Agreement. METI Singapore. https://www.meti.gov.sg/trade-international-economic-relations/agreements/green-economy-agreement-gea/country-agreement/
- Government of Singapore. (2026). Carbon Markets Cooperation. https://www.carbonmarkets-cooperation.gov.sg/
- ASEAN Secretariat. (2026). Joint Media Statement of the Forty-Fourth ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (44th AMEM). ASEAN. https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/Adopted-Joint-Media-Statement-of-the-44th-AMEM.pdf
Scholarly literature
- Liu, J., Huang, Y., Dass, P., & Yan, B. (2026). Beyond Power Generation Costs: Strategic Considerations for Singapore’s Low-Carbon Electricity Imports (ACI Research Paper 09-2026). Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, NUS. https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/aci/acirp202609.pdf
- Storey, I. (2026). Southeast Asia and the Third Gulf War: Impact, Responses and Implications (ISEAS Perspective 2026/25). ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ISEAS-Perspective_2026_25.pdf
- Farrell, H., & Newman, A. L. (2019). Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion. International Security / Belfer Center. https://www.belfercenter.org/index%2Ephp/publication/weaponized-interdependence-how-global-economic-networks-shape-state-coercion
Policy analysis and institutional reports
- Pham, L. (2026). The ASEAN Power Grid: Why Every Year of Delay Matters. Ember. https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/the-asean-power-grid-why-every-year-of-delay-matters/
- SolarQuarter. (2026). Singapore’s 9.25 GW Low-Carbon Power Import Projects Face Delays, with Just 15% Share Expected by 2035: Wood Mackenzie. SolarQuarter. https://solarquarter.com/2026/10/08/singapores-9-25-gw-low-carbon-power-import-projects-face-delays-with-just-15-share-expected-by-2035-wood-mackenzie/
- Huda, M. S. (2025). Energy Trade in Southeast Asia: The Need to Address Resource Nationalism. Eco-Business/ISEAS Fulcrum. https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/energy-trade-in-southeast-asia-the-need-to-address-resource-nationalism/
- Tenggara Strategics. (2025). Analysis: Indonesia RE Export Plan with Singapore, Is PLN Out? The Jakarta Post. https://www.thejakartapost.com/opinion/2025/06/24/analysis-indonesia-re-export-plan-with-singapore-is-pln-out
- Sasmita, R. P. (2026). Indonesia–Singapore Reset Marks New Era of ASEAN Transactionalism. Asia Times. https://asiatimes.com/2026/07/indonesia-singapore-reset-marks-new-era-of-asean-transactionalism/
Media and news reports
- Malay Mail. (2026, 25 October). Indonesia Cuts Natural Gas Exports to Singapore amid Regional Haze Dispute. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/25/indonesia-cuts-natural-gas-exports-to-singapore-amid-regional-haze-dispute/240495
- Malay Mail. (2026, 25 October). Singapore Vows to Protect Contractual Rights over Indonesia’s Gas Export Cut; PM Confirms Nuclear Feasibility Study. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/25/singapore-vows-to-protect-contractual-rights-over-indonesias-gas-export-cut-pm-confirms-nuclear-feasibility-study/240521
- Malay Mail. (2026, 26 October). Singapore, Malaysia Renew Energy Partnership Covering Power, Gas and Renewables. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/26/singapore-malaysia-renew-energy-partnership-covering-power-gas-and-renewables/240678
- Malay Mail. (2026, 23 October). Singapore’s Pipeline Gas from Indonesia under Question as Jakarta Weighs Not Renewing Contracts. https://www.malaymail.com/news/singapore/2026/10/23/singapores-pipeline-gas-from-indonesia-under-question-as-jakarta-weighs-not-renewing-contracts/240272
- Ang, A. (2026, 26 October). Indonesia Slashes Gas Exports to Singapore by 9%, Claiming It’s in “Survival Mode”. Fortune. https://fortune.com/2026/10/26/singapore-urges-suppliers-honor-commitments/
- The Star. (2026, 26 October). Indonesia Defends Gas Export Cuts; Says Existing Contracts Have Not Been Breached. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/10/26/indonesia-defends-gas-export-cuts-says-existing-contracts-have-not-been-breached
- The Star. (2026, 27 October). Indonesian, Singapore Foreign Ministers Meet amid Spat over Haze, Gas. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/10/27/indonesian-singapore-foreign-ministers-meet-amid-spat-over-haze-gas
- The Star. (2026, 9 March). “Should Have Started by Now”: Indonesia’s Plan to Export Solar Energy to Singapore Hits a Snag. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2026/03/09/should-have-started-by-now-indonesias-plan-to-export-solar-energy-to-singapore-hits-a-snag
- The Star. (2024, 31 July). Singapore, US Sign Civil Nuclear Cooperation Pact. https://thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2024/07/31/singapore-us-sign-civil-nuclear-cooperation-pact
- ANTARA News. (2026, 27 October). Indonesia, Singapore FMs Meet amid Gas Export Adjustments. https://en.antaranews.com/news/438187/indonesia-singapore-fms-meet-amid-gas-export-adjustments
- Bloomberg via Yahoo News Singapore. (2026, 27 October). Singapore’s Top Envoy Visits Indonesia after Natural Gas Cuts. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/singapores-top-envoy-visits-indonesia-after-natural-gas-cuts-043651456.html
- CNA Indonesia. (2026, 27 October). Indonesia Pangkas Ekspor Gas, Apa Dampaknya bagi Singapura? https://www.cna.id/indonesia/indonesia-kurangi-ekspor-gas-singapura-dampak-52276
- Katadata. (2026, 26 October). Indonesia Batasi Ekspor Gas Alam ke Singapura, Apa Risiko Diplomasinya? https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/6adf6523931ff/indonesia-batasi-ekspor-gas-alam-ke-singapura-apa-risiko-diplomasinya
- The Jakarta Post. (2026, 22 October). Indonesia Weighs Halt of Gas Exports as Nation Enters “Survival Mode”. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/10/22/indonesia-weighs-halt-of-gas-exports-as-nation-enters-survival-mode
- The Jakarta Post. (2026, 6 July). Indonesia, Singapore Sign Agreement on Cross-Border Electricity Project. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2026/07/06/indonesia-singapore-sign-agreement-on-cross-border-electricity-project
- The Jakarta Post. (2024, 6 September). Singapore OKs Importing 1.4 GW More Solar Power from RI. https://www.thejakartapost.com/business/2024/09/06/singapore-oks-importing-1-4-gw-more-solar-power-from-ri
- Reccessary. (2026, 7 July). Singapore and Indonesia Target 3.4 GW Power Trade and Article 6 Deal. https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/singapore-indonesia-power-trade-carbon-market
- Reccessary. (2026, 27 October). Singapore Energy Week 2026: Grid, Geothermal. https://www.reccessary.com/en/news/siew-2026-expands-energy-investments-cross-border-power-trade
- S&P Global Commodity Insights. (2026, 3 June). Interview: Singapore Secures LNG to Replace Qatar Supply through 2026, Regulator Says. https://www.spglobal.com/energy/en/news-research/latest-news/electric-power/060326-interview-singapore-secures-lng-to-replace-qatar-supply-through-2026-regulator-says
- Indonesia Business Post. (2026, 20 October). Indonesian Power Exports to Singapore Stalled over Pricing Dispute, Says Minister Bahlil. https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/7626/energy-and-resources/indonesian-power-exports-to-singapore-stalled-over-pricing-dispute-says-minister-bahlil
- Indonesia Business Post. (2025, 13 February). RI Holds Back Green Electricity Exports to S’pore, Demands Reciprocity for Energy Deal. https://indonesiabusinesspost.com/3572/energy-and-resources/ri-holds-back-green-electricity-exports-to-s-pore-demands-reciprocity-for-energy-deal
- Petromindo. (2025, 22 February). Bahlil Urges Singapore to Invest in Downstream for Green Electricity Exports. https://www.petromindo.com/news/article/bahlil-urges-singapore-to-invest-in-downstream-for-green-electricity-exports
- TNGlobal. (2026, 27 October). Maybank, DBS, IFC Back $6B Johor–Singapore Renewable Energy Financing Framework. https://technode.global/2026/10/27/maybank-dbs-ifc-back-6-billion-johor-singapore-renewable-energy-financing-framework/
- Free Malaysia Today. (2026, 15 April). Malaysia, S’pore Discuss Strengthening Energy Cooperation. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2026/04/15/malaysia-spore-discuss-strengthening-energy-cooperation
- South China Morning Post. (2026). Malaysia and Australia Strike Energy Supply Pledge to Bypass Iran War Disruptions. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3350345/malaysia-and-australia-strike-energy-supply-pledge-bypass-iran-war-disruptions
- Lim, K. (2026, 23 October). What Indonesia’s Warnings of Energy Cuts Mean for Asean. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3371967/what-indonesias-warnings-energy-cuts-mean-asean
- Energy Voice. (n.d.). Indonesia Approves Path for Record-Breaking Australia–Singapore Subsea Cable Project. https://www.energyvoice.com/renewables-energy-transition/353023/indonesia-approves-subsea-path-for-record-breaking-australia-singapore-cable-project/
Archives and related studies
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Thirty-One BBTUD: Singapore’s Response to Indonesia’s Pipeline-Gas Cut and the Anatomy of a Shrinking Dependence [Tiga Puluh Satu BBTUD: Respons Singapura atas Pemangkasan Gas Pipa Indonesia dan Anatomi Ketergantungan yang Menyusut]. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/singapura-pemangkasan-gas-indonesia-2026/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). The Supplier from the South: Testing the “Provocation” Thesis in Australia’s ASEAN Energy Strategy and the 2026 Indonesia–Singapore Gas Dispute [Pemasok dari Selatan: Menguji Tesis “Provokasi” dalam Strategi Energi Australia di ASEAN dan Sengketa Gas Indonesia–Singapura 2026]. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/strategi-energi-australia-di-asean/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Tangga Eskalasi di Selat Singapura: Pemicu, Indikator Peringatan Dini, dan Jalan Menuju Konflik Terbuka Indonesia–Singapura 2026–2030. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/tangga-eskalasi-selat-singapura-konflik-indonesia-singapura-2026-2030/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Bayang-Bayang di Seberang Selat: Menguji Tuduhan Operasi Intelijen Singapura terhadap Indonesia dari Kabel Laut hingga Pasar Modal. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/bayang-bayang-seberang-selat-menguji-tuduhan-operasi-intelijen-singapura-indonesia/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Ladang di Sini, Lumbung di Sana: Geopolitik Sumber Daya dan Cara Malaysia serta Singapura Memetik Nilai dari Alam Indonesia. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/geopolitik-sumber-daya-malaysia-singapura-alam-indonesia/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Bengkel di Seberang Selat: Batam, Galangan Kapal, dan Ekonomi Politik Perbatasan Singapura–Indonesia. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/batam-singapura-galangan-kapal-ekonomi-politik-perbatasan/
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2026). Perang Narasi di Seberang Selat: Buzzer, Operasi Pengaruh, dan Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak” dalam Serangan terhadap Pemerintahan Prabowo. KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/perang-narasi-seberang-selat-buzzer-singapura-operasi-pengaruh-prabowo/
- KBA13 Academy Research Center. (2026, 25 Oktober). Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap. https://kba13academy.com/beyond-the-smoke-indonesias-2026-fires-singapore-and-malaysia-linked-corporate-networks-and-the-regional-accountability-gap/
- KBA13 Insight. (n.d.). Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN. https://www.kba13.com/hubungan-indonesia-singapura-2025-analisis-strategis/
- Dalimi, R. (2014, 9 October). KEN-2050 dan Dilema Harga BBM. Kompas. KBA13 Academy Archive and Library. https://pustaka.kba13academy.com/s/arsip/item/536
- Bustamam Ahmad, K. (2025). Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998. KBA13 Academy Archive and Library. https://pustaka.kba13academy.com/s/arsip/item/167
How to Cite
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustamam. (2026). An Axis Without Jakarta?: Singapore’s Energy Diplomacy after the Gas Dispute with Indonesia and a Test of the ASEAN Energy-Bloc Hypothesis. Banda Aceh: KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/diplomasi-energi-singapura-pasca-konflik-indonesia/
Professor of the Anthropology of Religion, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh; founder of KBA13 Insight and KBA13 Academy. PhD in Sociology, La Trobe University.
