Telaah Strategis · Studi Intelijen & Strategis · Peradaban Digital · Kajian Asia Tenggara
Perang Narasi di Seberang Selat:Buzzer, Operasi Pengaruh, dan Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak” dalam Serangan terhadap Pemerintahan Prabowo
Di tengah asap, anjloknya bursa, dan pemangkasan gas pada Oktober 2026, banyak orang Indonesia meyakini ada “buzzer Singapura” yang menggoyang Jakarta. Telaah ini menguji keyakinan itu dengan disiplin analisis intelijen. Hasilnya: bukti terbuka belum menunjukkan operasi negara Singapura, sedangkan satu-satunya disinformasi terkoordinasi yang terdokumentasi justru bergerak ke arah sebaliknya.

Daftar Isi
- IAsap, Saham, dan Gas
- IIKronologi Krisis Oktober 2026
- IIIKerangka, Metode, Keyakinan
- IVIndustri Buzzer Indonesia
- VWarganet dan Negara Singapura
- VIKritik Domestik dan Permintaan Maaf
- VIIKasus “Londo Ireng”
- VIIIDaya Bujuk Bingkai “Wajar”
- IXPertahanan Informasi Singapura
- XPihak Ketiga dan Sentimen Etnis
- XIKata Para Pemimpin
- XIIMatriks Penilaian Hipotesis
- XIIIArgumen Tandingan
- XIVSkenario dan Rekomendasi
- XVKeterbatasan dan Kesimpulan
Abstrak
Krisis hubungan Indonesia–Singapura pada Oktober 2026 berlangsung di tiga gelanggang sekaligus: kabut asap lintas batas yang memicu pemberitahuan hukum Singapura terhadap sepuluh perusahaan Indonesia, guncangan pasar modal setelah MSCI membuka konsultasi untuk menurunkan status Indonesia, serta pemangkasan pasokan gas pipa ke Singapura sejak 24 Oktober. Di ruang digital, krisis itu melahirkan tuduhan bahwa “buzzer Singapura” menggerakkan propaganda anti-pemerintah dengan menyebarkan bingkai bahwa Singapura wajar bertindak keras. Telaah ini memperlakukan tuduhan tersebut sebagai hipotesis, bukan fakta, lalu mengujinya dengan kerangka Aktor–Perilaku–Konten (ABC), taksonomi DISARM, dan indikator koordinasi. Enam untai dibedakan: opini organik warganet Singapura, komunikasi strategis resmi Pemerintah Singapura, kritik domestik Indonesia, industri buzzer komersial Indonesia, kemungkinan perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi oleh negara asing, dan aktor pihak ketiga. Hingga 27 Oktober 2026, sumber terbuka tidak memuat bukti operasi pengaruh terselubung yang dijalankan negara Singapura. Satu-satunya episode disinformasi terkoordinasi yang terdokumentasi, yakni hoaks pertemuan Dino Patti Djalal dan Saiful Mujani dengan Duta Besar Singapura, justru menyasar pengkritik pemerintah dengan label “Londo ireng”. Ketiadaan bukti ini bukan kekosongan, melainkan temuan strategis: ancaman terdekat bagi Indonesia adalah sekuritisasi kritik, kemerosotan kepercayaan publik, dan peluang mobilisasi nasionalis yang dapat tergelincir menjadi sentimen etnis.
Bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” terutama lahir dari diplomasi publik Singapura yang terbuka dan dari kemarahan organik warga Indonesia atas tata kelola asap, bukan dari operasi buzzer asing; ancaman nyata bagi Jakarta adalah godaan untuk menyebut setiap kritik sebagai suara antek asing.
- DataPernyataan resmi Indonesia dan Singapura, pemberitaan 10–27 Oktober 2026, laporan pemberantasan perilaku tidak autentik Meta, riset Oxford Internet Institute, CIPG, KITLV–LP3ES, serta esai dan arsip KBA13
- KerangkaDisinformation ABC (François), taksonomi DISARM, indikator perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi, dan skala keyakinan Tinggi/Sedang/Rendah
- ProyeksiEmpat skenario hingga pertengahan 2027 beserta rekomendasi untuk Komdigi, BSSN, BIN, Kemlu, platform, jurnalis, masyarakat sipil, dan Pemerintah Singapura
Kata kunci
- buzzer
- operasi pengaruh
- disinformasi
- atribusi
- Singapura
- Prabowo
- kabut asap
- MSCI
- FICA
- pertahanan psikologis
- sekuritisasi
Ketika Asap, Saham, dan Gas Menjadi Medan Narasi
Setiap krisis antarnegara di era platform digital selalu memiliki dua wajah. Wajah pertama dapat diukur: indeks pencemaran udara, jumlah titik api, kapitalisasi pasar yang menguap, dan volume gas yang dipangkas. Wajah kedua jauh lebih licin, yakni pertarungan makna tentang siapa yang bersalah, siapa yang menghina, dan siapa yang sedang bekerja untuk kepentingan asing. Oktober 2026 memperlihatkan kedua wajah itu secara telanjang dalam hubungan Indonesia dan Singapura. Di permukaan, kedua negara bersengketa tentang asap, indeks saham, dan energi. Di bawah permukaan, publik Indonesia terbelah dalam pertanyaan yang lebih emosional: apakah gelombang kritik terhadap pemerintahan Presiden Prabowo Subianto, termasuk suara-suara yang menyatakan bahwa Singapura wajar bertindak tegas, merupakan opini warga yang jujur atau hasil rekayasa jaringan buzzer yang dikendalikan dari seberang selat. Pertanyaan ini tidak boleh dijawab dengan prasangka, juga tidak boleh diabaikan dengan sinisme. Dalam tradisi analisis intelijen yang baik, tuduhan semacam itu harus diperlakukan sebagai hipotesis kerja, diuraikan menjadi klaim-klaim yang dapat diuji, lalu ditimbang terhadap bukti yang benar-benar tersedia. Pada tahun 2026, esai di KBA13 Insight berjudul Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia telah memetakan tiga pemicu krisis dan memperingatkan bahwa pihak yang mampu membuktikan atribusi akan memenangkan opini global. Telaah ini melanjutkan peringatan tersebut ke ranah yang lebih sempit tetapi lebih menentukan, yaitu ranah atribusi narasi.
Taruhannya tidak kecil. Apabila hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” benar, Indonesia sedang menghadapi operasi pengaruh asing yang menuntut respons kontra-intelijen, diplomatik, dan hukum. Apabila hipotesis itu keliru tetapi tetap dipercaya, negara berisiko memperlakukan warganya sendiri sebagai musuh, mempersempit ruang kritik, dan merusak hubungan dengan tetangga yang menjadi sumber investasi terbesar. Kedua kekeliruan itu mahal, tetapi kekeliruan kedua lebih sulit dikoreksi karena ia bekerja melalui rasa curiga yang terus diperbarui oleh setiap unggahan baru. Telaah ini karena itu menempuh jalan yang lebih lambat: memisahkan enam untai aktor yang sering dicampuradukkan, menilai setiap untai dengan tingkat keyakinan yang eksplisit, serta menunjukkan bukti apa yang akan menguatkan atau membantah hipotesis. Pendekatan ini sejalan dengan semangat kajian Research Center sebelumnya, Laba yang Menyeberang, yang memilah klaim kebocoran fiskal menurut tingkat pembuktiannya dan menyimpulkan bahwa tidak ada bukti memadai mengenai persekongkolan rahasia negara Singapura. Logika serupa kini diterapkan pada medan informasi, tempat bukti lebih cepat lenyap dan emosi jauh lebih cepat menyebar.
Kronologi Krisis Oktober 2026 dan Lahirnya Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak”
Krisis narasi ini memiliki titik nol yang dapat ditunjuk dengan tepat. Laporan Mothership pada 11 Oktober 2026 berjudul Indonesia communications head: when no smoke, send oxygen mengutip Kepala Badan Komunikasi Pemerintah (Bakom) Syahganda Nainggolan yang pada 10 Oktober menyebut kebakaran hutan sebagai fenomena alam di luar kesalahan manusia dan menambahkan bahwa ketika tidak ada asap, Indonesia mengirim oksigen. Laporan detikNews pada 19 Oktober 2026 berjudul Singapura Kecewa Kabakom Bilang ‘Kita Bukan Hanya Kirim Asap tapi Oksigen’ mencatat kalimat aslinya: “Kita bukan hanya mengirim asap, tapi kalau asapnya enggak ada, kita mengirim oksigen.” Kalimat inilah yang kemudian menjadi bahan bakar ejekan lintas negara. Laporan The Star pada 12 Oktober 2026 berjudul “We send oxygen too”: Indonesian official’s haze remarks spark online ridicule menghimpun komentar Facebook yang mempertanyakan cara mengukur oksigen asal Indonesia, sementara asap jelas dapat diukur. Sejak saat itu, perdebatan asap tidak lagi sekadar soal lingkungan, melainkan soal martabat, kecakapan komunikasi pemerintah, dan siapa yang berhak berbicara atas nama bangsa.
Tiga peristiwa kemudian menumpuk dalam sepekan. Laporan Mothership pada 16 Oktober 2026 berjudul Grace Fu: preventive measures notice to 7 Indonesian companies menjelaskan bahwa Badan Lingkungan Nasional Singapura (NEA) memberikan pemberitahuan tindakan pencegahan kepada tujuh perusahaan di Sumatra berdasarkan Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014, dan laporan Eco-Business pada 19 Oktober 2026 berjudul Singapore widens haze crackdown to Kalimantan, targeting 10 Indonesian firms mencatat perluasan sasaran menjadi sepuluh perusahaan. Pada hari yang sama dengan pengumuman Grace Fu, laporan The Star berjudul Jakarta stocks plunge 11% as MSCI set to drop Indonesia from indexes mencatat indeks Jakarta jatuh lebih dari 11 persen setelah MSCI membuka konsultasi untuk mereklasifikasi Indonesia sebagai pasar mandiri, dan Mothership kemudian menaksir aksi jual dua hari itu menghapus sekitar 82 miliar dolar AS nilai pasar. Puncaknya, laporan Malay Mail pada 25 Oktober 2026 berjudul Indonesia cuts natural gas exports to Singapore amid regional haze dispute menyebut SKK Migas memangkas 31 juta kaki kubik standar per hari pasokan gas ke Singapura, sementara Otoritas Pasar Energi (EMA) menyatakan pengurangan itu kurang dari dua persen kebutuhan harian dan dapat ditangani dengan rencana kontinjensi.
Dalam pusaran itu lahirlah bingkai yang menjadi pokok telaah ini. Bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” bertumpu pada tiga premis: asap adalah kejahatan korporasi yang dapat dicegah, Singapura memiliki dasar hukum untuk menindak perusahaan pelaku, dan reaksi Jakarta berupa pemangkasan gas atau tuduhan konspirasi pasar merupakan pengalihan dari kegagalan tata kelola domestik. Bingkai tandingannya menyatakan bahwa Singapura menghina Indonesia, melindungi konglomerat yang berbasis di wilayahnya, dan, menurut tuduhan mantan Menteri Perdagangan Muhammad Lutfi, menekan MSCI melalui Temasek dan GIC. Laporan Mothership pada 21 Oktober 2026 berjudul Temasek, GIC deny ex-Indonesian minister’s claims mencatat bahwa Temasek menyebut tuduhan itu “patently untrue” dan GIC menyatakannya tidak benar, sedangkan CNN Indonesia mencatat bahwa pengumuman MSCI tidak memuat bukti keterlibatan Singapura. Ketika dua bingkai yang saling meniadakan ini bertemu di linimasa yang sama, setiap pendukung bingkai pertama mudah dicurigai sebagai bagian dari jaringan asing. Di sinilah hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” menemukan lahan suburnya, jauh sebelum ada satu pun bukti forensik yang diajukan. Pola saling sindir ini sesungguhnya memiliki preseden. Laporan Malay Mail pada 20 Juni 2013 berjudul Indonesia says Singapore ‘behaving like a child’ over haze mengutip Menteri Koordinator Agung Laksono yang menyatakan bahwa Singapura tidak sepatutnya bersikap seperti anak kecil dan membuat kegaduhan. Perbedaannya, pada 2013 pertengkaran itu berlangsung terutama di ruang konferensi pers, sedangkan pada 2026 ia berlangsung di ruang algoritmik yang memberi imbalan pada kemarahan.
Kerangka Analitis, Metode, dan Tingkat Keyakinan
Telaah ini memakai tiga perangkat yang telah menjadi bahasa bersama komunitas analis disinformasi internasional. Perangkat pertama adalah kerangka ABC. Pada tahun 2019, Camille François dari Graphika dan Berkman Klein Center dalam tulisan Annenberg Public Policy Center berjudul Disinformation ABC and Other Strategies to Address Malevolent Speech Online merumuskan tiga vektor penipuan viral: aktor manipulatif, perilaku menipu, dan konten berbahaya. Nilai kerangka ini terletak pada pemisahan yang disiplin. Konten yang memuji Singapura tidak dengan sendirinya membuktikan aktor asing, dan aktor asing tidak selalu memakai perilaku menipu. Perangkat kedua adalah taksonomi DISARM, yang menurut halaman DISARM Foundation FAQ berawal dari kerangka AMITT pada 2019 dan kini menyediakan kode taktik serta teknik yang dipakai, antara lain, oleh Komisi Eropa dan sejumlah pemerintah untuk mendeskripsikan operasi pengaruh secara seragam. Perangkat ketiga adalah indikator perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi sebagaimana dipraktikkan platform: akun yang dibuat dalam rentang waktu serupa, unggahan identik dalam jeda detik, pola jaringan yang padat, pengelolaan halaman oleh akun palsu, belanja iklan lintas yurisdiksi, serta pengalihan lalu lintas ke situs di luar platform.
Secara metodologis, telaah ini bersandar pada sumber terbuka yang diperiksa langsung: pernyataan resmi kedua pemerintah, pemberitaan media Indonesia, Singapura, dan Malaysia antara 10 dan 27 Oktober 2026, laporan pemberantasan jaringan oleh Meta, riset akademik tentang industri buzzer Indonesia, serta esai dan arsip KBA13. Telaah ini tidak memiliki akses ke data internal platform, log alamat IP, atau data transaksi pembayaran, sehingga penilaian atribusi teknis hanya dapat dilakukan secara tidak langsung. Setiap penilaian diberi tingkat keyakinan. Tingkat Tinggi berarti klaim didukung beberapa sumber independen dan dokumen primer. Tingkat Sedang berarti klaim didukung bukti yang konsisten tetapi tidak lengkap, atau bersandar pada kesaksian pihak berkepentingan. Tingkat Rendah berarti klaim hanya berupa dugaan, tidak didukung bukti terbuka, atau berlawanan dengan bukti yang ada. Skala ini meminjam tradisi penilaian analitik komunitas intelijen yang membedakan kemungkinan suatu peristiwa dari kualitas bukti yang mendasarinya. Pembedaan itu penting karena publik sering menyamakan “masuk akal” dengan “terbukti”, padahal dalam atribusi operasi pengaruh, jarak antara keduanya dapat sangat lebar.
Enam untai yang diuji perlu disebut secara eksplisit sejak awal. Untai pertama adalah opini organik warganet Singapura. Untai kedua adalah komunikasi strategis resmi Pemerintah Singapura, yang sah dan tercatat. Untai ketiga adalah pengkritik domestik Indonesia, termasuk oposisi dan warga biasa, yang memakai bingkai “Singapura benar” untuk mengkritik pemerintah. Untai keempat adalah industri buzzer komersial Indonesia yang dapat disewa siapa saja. Untai kelima adalah kemungkinan perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi oleh aktor negara asing, dan untai ini hanya dapat dinyatakan ada jika terdokumentasi. Untai keenam adalah aktor negara ketiga yang mungkin diuntungkan oleh keretakan Jakarta–Singapura. Hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” dalam pengertian kuat hanya terbukti apabila untai kelima terbukti dan terhubung dengan aktor negara Singapura. Semua untai lainnya, betapa pun ramainya, tidak cukup untuk menopang tuduhan tersebut.
Anatomi Industri Buzzer Indonesia: Pasar Terbuka bagi Siapa Saja
Sebelum mencari tangan asing, analisis harus terlebih dahulu memahami pasar domestik yang menyediakan tangan-tangan itu. Pada tahun 2017, Klara Esti, M. Rinaldi Camil, dan Natasha H. Attamimi dalam laporan Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance berjudul Di Balik Fenomena Buzzer: Memahami Lanskap Industri dan Pengaruh Buzzer di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa buzzer telah berkembang dari pengiklan produk menjadi alat mobilisasi politik sejak Pilkada Jakarta 2012 dan Pemilu Presiden 2014, dengan motif dan bentuk yang semakin beragam sehingga sulit dikendalikan. Pada tahun 2021, penelitian kolaboratif Universitas Diponegoro, LP3ES, KITLV Leiden, Universitas Amsterdam, Universitas Islam Indonesia, dan Drone Emprit yang dilaporkan CNN Indonesia dengan judul LP3ES: Buzzer Dipakai Elite Politik, Lemahkan Demokrasi RI mewawancarai 78 buzzer selama sekitar dua tahun. Ward Berenschot menyimpulkan bahwa pasukan siber dipakai elite politik, elite ekonomi, dan kalangan dekat pemerintah, tersusun dalam empat peran, yakni koordinator, buzzer, influencer, dan pembuat konten, serta dirakit sementara untuk tujuan tertentu. Karena mahal, layanan ini terutama dapat dibeli kelompok kaya, sehingga ia memperlebar ketimpangan politik.
Dimensi global industri ini juga terdokumentasi dengan baik. Laporan Oxford Internet Institute karya Samantha Bradshaw, Hannah Bailey, dan Philip N. Howard berjudul Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation mencatat 81 negara tempat propaganda komputasional dipakai, dengan peran perusahaan komunikasi strategis swasta yang semakin besar. Kasus Indonesia yang paling terang tercatat dalam pengumuman Meta pada Oktober 2019 berjudul Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in UAE, Nigeria, Indonesia and Egypt, ketika platform itu menghapus 69 akun Facebook, 42 halaman, dan 34 akun Instagram yang terkait dengan perusahaan media InsightID, dengan belanja iklan sekitar 300 ribu dolar AS dan sekitar 410 ribu pengikut halaman, untuk konten berbahasa Inggris dan Indonesia tentang Papua. Kasus ini penting bagi telaah sekarang karena ia memperlihatkan pola yang paling sering ditemukan di Indonesia: operasi berorientasi domestik, dijalankan perusahaan lokal, untuk kepentingan aktor dalam negeri, meskipun sebagian kontennya ditujukan kepada khalayak internasional.
Implikasi analitisnya tegas. Di Indonesia, infrastruktur untuk memproduksi kesan opini massal tidak perlu diimpor; ia tersedia, berpengalaman, dan dapat disewa. Esai KBA13 Insight pada tahun 2025 berjudul Islamophobia in Indonesia’s Cyberspace: Politics, Buzzers, and Virtual Fear menggambarkan buzzer sebagai “milisi siber” yang hidup dari penjualan narasi ketakutan, sedangkan esai berjudul Pasca 25 Agustus 2025: Operasi Wacana, Influencer, dan Perang Informasi di Medsos mencatat bahwa dalam gelombang demonstrasi Agustus 2025 tidak ada satu dalang tunggal yang dapat ditetapkan secara publik. Konsekuensinya, setiap kampanye yang tampak terkoordinasi di linimasa Indonesia harus diuji terlebih dahulu terhadap hipotesis domestik sebelum diatribusikan kepada negara asing. Presiden Prabowo sendiri, sebagaimana dilaporkan kumparan pada 6 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Prabowo: Biar yang Punya Uang Bayar Buzzer-Biayai Demo, Kita Tak Gentar, menuding pihak berduit ratusan triliun yang membayar buzzer dan algoritma dalam konteks penyerahan lahan sitaan Satgas PKH, yakni sebuah konteks domestik yang berkaitan dengan penertiban kawasan hutan, bukan dengan negara tetangga.
Untai Pertama dan Kedua: Opini Warganet Singapura dan Komunikasi Strategis Negara
Opini warganet Singapura tentang asap dan kebijakan Indonesia jelas ada, tetapi seluruh jejak yang dapat diperiksa menunjukkan karakter organik. Komentar yang dihimpun The Star pada 12 Oktober berasal dari akun-akun Facebook bernama pribadi yang menertawakan klaim oksigen, dan media itu bahkan tidak dapat memastikan kewarganegaraan para komentator. Laporan Plan B pada 26 Oktober 2026 berjudul Netizens Criticise Indonesia’s Gas Export Cuts to Singapore Amid Haze Tensions menggambarkan kritik daring terhadap pemangkasan gas tanpa mengutip satu pun akun dan tanpa indikasi koordinasi. Pola semacam ini sesuai dengan ekosistem daring Singapura yang dipetakan dalam esai KBA13 Insight pada tahun 2025 berjudul Ekosistem Blog Singapura: Gaya Hidup, Politik, dan Proyeksi Nasionalisme 2050, yaitu ekosistem tempat nasionalisme banal, satire, dan kritik terhadap pemerintah sendiri hidup berdampingan. Warganet yang mengeluhkan sesak napas di Orchard Road tidak memerlukan instruksi untuk marah. Tingkat keyakinan bahwa untai pertama bersifat organik dan tidak terkoordinasi negara adalah Tinggi, dengan catatan bahwa tidak ada analisis jaringan publik yang mencakup seluruh platform.
Untai kedua, komunikasi strategis Pemerintah Singapura, justru sepenuhnya tercatat dan karena itu tidak memenuhi definisi operasi terselubung. Menteri Negara Rahayu Mahzam, sebagaimana dikutip Langit7 pada 20 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Singapura Sentil Kabakom soal Oksigen vs Asap, menyatakan kekecewaan atas komentar oksigen sekaligus menilai bahwa, dari reaksi yang terlihat, komentar itu tidak mewakili pandangan rakyat Indonesia. Menteri Senior K. Shanmugam, menurut detikNews, menyebut bahwa ironisnya pihak yang paling menderita adalah rakyat Indonesia sendiri dan bahwa pandangan pejabat tersebut tidak mewakili sikap pemerintah Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Dari kacamata analisis pengaruh, rumusan ini merupakan teknik diplomasi publik yang lazim: memisahkan pejabat tertentu dari pemerintah dan rakyatnya, memosisikan Singapura sebagai pihak yang bersimpati kepada korban, dan membingkai penindakan sebagai penegakan hukum terhadap korporasi, bukan permusuhan terhadap bangsa. Teknik ini sah, terbuka, dan dapat dikritik secara terbuka pula. Ia berbeda secara kategoris dari akun palsu, sebab sumbernya bernama, pernyataannya dapat dikutip, dan tanggung jawab politiknya jelas.
Namun pembedaan kategoris itu tidak menghapus efek strategisnya. Ketika pejabat Singapura menyatakan bahwa rakyat Indonesia adalah korban terbesar dan bahwa satu pejabat tidak mewakili pemerintahnya, pesan itu memberikan amunisi retoris bagi pengkritik domestik yang ingin menekan pemerintah. Pesan yang sah dapat memiliki efek yang dirasakan sebagai intervensi. Esai KBA13 Insight pada tahun 2024 berjudul Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN telah menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kedua negara selalu diwarnai ketegangan sekaligus ketergantungan, dan bahwa isu asap telah berubah menjadi persoalan keamanan nontradisional. Dalam situasi semacam itu, diplomasi publik yang tegas dari negara kecil yang rentan akan selalu dibaca sebagian publik negara besar sebagai kesombongan. Tingkat keyakinan bahwa untai kedua merupakan komunikasi negara yang terbuka dan bukan operasi terselubung adalah Tinggi; tingkat keyakinan bahwa ia memperkuat bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” di Indonesia juga Tinggi, tetapi penguatan itu terjadi melalui pemberitaan arus utama, bukan melalui jaringan akun tidak autentik.
Untai Ketiga: Kritik Domestik, Permintaan Maaf Warganet, dan Bahasa Akuntabilitas
Bukti paling kuat bahwa bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” tumbuh dari dalam negeri datang dari warga Indonesia yang paling terdampak asap. Laporan South China Morning Post pada 15 Oktober 2026 berjudul ‘Forgive us’: Indonesians urge Singapore, Malaysia to sue Jakarta as haze blankets region mengutip Kristaen Albert, seorang insinyur perangkat lunak berusia 31 tahun di Kalimantan Tengah, yang menyimpan kaleng oksigen di depan pintu rumahnya dan menyatakan bahwa respons pemerintah sangat lambat serta bahwa warga marah. Laporan MalangTIMES pada 19 Oktober 2026 berjudul Ehsan Upin Ipin Sindir Kabut Asap, Warganet Indonesia Ramai-Ramai Minta Maaf mendokumentasikan bagaimana unggahan Instagram tokoh animasi Malaysia tentang musim jerebu dibanjiri permintaan maaf bernada jenaka dari akun-akun Indonesia. Pola ini memperlihatkan ciri organik yang khas: variasi gaya bahasa, humor yang merujuk budaya populer bersama, dan percampuran rasa malu dengan kemarahan terhadap pemerintah sendiri. Tidak ada indikasi bahwa akun-akun tersebut dikendalikan dari luar negeri.
Kritik terhadap respons pemerintah juga merambah isu pasar modal. Laporan Inilah Koran pada 22 Oktober 2026 berjudul Pernyataan Prabowo Soal MSCI Viral di Medsos, Tuai Kritik Pedas Netizen mencatat komentar di Threads yang menilai bahwa MSCI terutama meminta transparansi data dan regulasi pasar, bukan gertakan atau retorika politik. Mantan Wakil Menteri Luar Negeri Dino Patti Djalal, sebagaimana dilaporkan CNN Indonesia pada 24 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Silat Pendapat Lutfi vs Dino soal Singapura hingga Karhutla, menolak teori konspirasi MSCI sebagai hal yang tidak masuk akal dan menyatakan bahwa berkonspirasi mencelakai Indonesia adalah tabu bagi elite Singapura. Suara-suara ini, dari insinyur di Kalimantan hingga mantan diplomat senior, memiliki satu kesamaan: mereka memakai bahasa akuntabilitas, yaitu tuntutan agar pelaku pembakaran dihukum dan agar kebijakan ekonomi dijelaskan secara rasional. Bahasa akuntabilitas ini kebetulan sejalan dengan posisi Singapura, tetapi kesejajaran bukanlah koordinasi. Tingkat keyakinan bahwa untai ketiga bersifat domestik dan organik adalah Tinggi.
Respons terhadap untai ketiga inilah yang patut dicermati lebih dalam. Pada tahun 2026, dosen komunikasi Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Adde Oriza Rio, dalam wawancara yang dimuat Jurnas berjudul Akademisi: Kabut Asap 2026 Tidak Dapat Dibebankan kepada Indonesia Semata dan dalam berita RMOL berjudul Dosen UKI: Warganet Tak Perlu Minta Maaf ke Singapura soal Karhutla, berpendapat bahwa warga tidak memiliki mandat untuk mengakui kesalahan atas nama negara dan bahwa simpati dapat terbaca sebagai pengakuan kesalahan kolektif. Argumen ini sah sebagai perdebatan publik, bahkan memuat poin penting tentang jaringan korporasi di Singapura dan Malaysia. Akan tetapi, dalam iklim yang sedang memanas, argumen tentang “mandat” dapat bergeser dengan mudah menjadi argumen tentang “loyalitas”. Pergeseran itu membuka jalan bagi tafsir bahwa warga yang meminta maaf atau memuji ketegasan Singapura bukanlah warga yang kecewa, melainkan bagian dari jaringan asing. Pada titik inilah hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” berubah dari pertanyaan empiris menjadi alat disiplin politik.
Studi Kasus Hoaks “Londo Ireng”: Disinformasi yang Berjalan ke Arah Sebaliknya
Satu-satunya episode dalam krisis ini yang menunjukkan ciri disinformasi terkoordinasi justru tidak menyerang pemerintahan Prabowo, melainkan menyerang pengkritiknya dengan tuduhan berkolusi dengan Singapura. Laporan detikNews pada 24 Oktober 2026 berjudul Dino Patti Djalal Bantah Viral ‘Tamu Dubes Singapura’, Bakal Lapor Komdigi menjelaskan bahwa sebuah unggahan menyatakan Dino dan Saiful Mujani mengunjungi kediaman Duta Besar Singapura pada hari Minggu, mempertanyakan “Apakah ada titipan?”, dan menyertakan video gerbang kedutaan dengan keterangan “Londo ireng is coming”. Laporan ANTARA pada 26 Oktober 2026 berjudul Singapore Embassy denies claims of meeting with Indonesian figures menjelaskan bahwa frasa tersebut merujuk kepada orang Indonesia yang dianggap berkolaborasi dengan kekuatan asing. Kedutaan Besar Singapura, menurut laporan CNA Indonesia berjudul ‘Jelas disinformasi’: Kedubes Singapura bantah kabar Dino Patti Djalal dan Saiful Mujani temui duta besar, menyatakan “Tidak ada kunjungan semacam itu” dan akan bekerja sama dengan Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital. Saiful Mujani kepada Metro TV menyatakan tidak pernah berbicara langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan Dino, apalagi bertemu.
Fakta yang dapat diverifikasi berbalik melawan klaim unggahan tersebut. Laporan The Star pada 26 Oktober 2026 berjudul Singapore embassy rejects claims of meeting with Indonesian figures mencatat bahwa Dino berada di Perth, Australia, pada 18 hingga 20 Oktober untuk acara perubahan iklim Global Citizen dan bertemu Presiden Timor-Leste Jose Ramos-Horta, serta bahwa tuduhan itu muncul beberapa hari setelah Dino membantah teori konspirasi MSCI yang dilontarkan Lutfi. Laporan Suara.com pada 25 Oktober 2026 berjudul Fitnah Temui Dubes Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal Duga Ada ‘Tim Siluman’ Penyebar Hoaks mengutip Dino bahwa cerita itu diunggah di berbagai akun yang dibuat sendiri oleh tim tersebut dan bahwa “Ini adalah aksi yang terkoordinir, terorganisir, dan ada backing-nya”. Dalam bahasa DISARM, pola yang digambarkan meliputi pembuatan narasi palsu, penggunaan akun yang dikendalikan, penyebaran lintas akun untuk menciptakan kesan spontan, dan pemanfaatan bukti visual yang tidak membuktikan apa pun. Penting dicatat bahwa klaim koordinasi ini berasal dari pihak yang diserang dan belum diverifikasi oleh platform atau peneliti independen.
Amplifikasi berikutnya memperlihatkan bagaimana hoaks bisa memperoleh legitimasi. Fraksi Gerindra, melalui Sekretaris Fraksi Bambang Haryadi sebagaimana dilaporkan Republika dalam berita Gerindra Cermati Isu Dino Patti Djalal Temui Dubes Singapura, menyatakan mencermati informasi itu dan mengingatkan agar kritik tidak disisipi kepentingan lain, apalagi asing. Warta Ekonomi pada 26 Oktober 2026 menurunkan judul Rezim Prabowo Geger, Terendus Konspirasi Level Tinggi Tokoh Antipemerintah dan Dubes Singapura, meskipun badan beritanya menyebut isu itu sebagai rumor liar. Analis PLE Priatna dalam kolom RMOL pada 27 Oktober 2026 berjudul Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal dan Opini Sesat menyebut pelakunya “buzzer siluman” dan menuduh mereka dibiayai negara, tanpa menyajikan bukti. Dengan demikian, kasus ini memuat dua klaim tidak terbukti yang saling berhadapan: klaim bahwa pengkritik bertemu Singapura, yang telah dibantah oleh bukti alibi, dan klaim bahwa operasi itu disponsori negara, yang belum didukung bukti. Tingkat keyakinan bahwa hoaks ini merupakan disinformasi adalah Tinggi; bahwa penyebarannya terkoordinasi adalah Sedang; bahwa sponsornya dapat diidentifikasi adalah Rendah.
Satu-satunya disinformasi terkoordinasi yang terdokumentasi dalam krisis ini tidak membela Singapura; ia justru menuduh pengkritik pemerintah sebagai “Londo ireng”.
Mengapa Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak” Persuasif
Daya bujuk sebuah bingkai tidak terutama ditentukan oleh siapa yang menyebarkannya, melainkan oleh kecocokannya dengan pengalaman khalayak dan dengan bahasa moral yang sudah mereka kenal. Bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” memiliki tiga sumber daya persuasif yang kuat. Sumber pertama adalah bahasa hukum dan moral akuntabilitas asap. Transboundary Haze Pollution Act memberikan kosakata yang terdengar netral dan prosedural: pemberitahuan, rencana aksi, penegakan terhadap perusahaan yang lalai. Laporan Eco-Business mengutip Shanmugam bahwa Singapura akan memakai “every legal and regulatory lever” terhadap perusahaan yang bertanggung jawab, terlepas dari ada atau tidaknya kehadiran mereka di Singapura. Kosakata ini selaras dengan kemarahan warga Riau, Jambi, Sumatra Selatan, dan Kalimantan yang paru-parunya paling dulu terdampak. Kebetulan pula, Presiden Prabowo sendiri, menurut Katadata pada 21 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Prabowo Sebut Negara Asing Hina Indonesia soal Karhutla, menyebut pembakaran sengaja sebagai terorisme lingkungan dan berjanji mencabut izin perusahaan pelanggar, sehingga tuntutan akuntabilitas korporasi sebenarnya merupakan wilayah konsensus, bukan wilayah pertentangan.
Sumber persuasif kedua adalah narasi disiplin pasar. Dalam bingkai ini, penurunan status oleh MSCI dipahami sebagai konsekuensi teknokratis dari masalah struktur kepemilikan dan dugaan perdagangan terkoordinasi, bukan sebagai serangan politik. Laporan DealStreetAsia pada 21 Oktober 2026 berjudul Prabowo responds to downgrade warning, says MSCI trying to “intimidate” Indonesia mencatat bahwa MSCI menegaskan keputusannya berpijak pada metodologi yang transparan dan berbasis aturan, sementara sejumlah anggota DPR lintas partai meminta pemerintah menanggapi kekhawatiran itu dengan serius. Ketika retorika kedaulatan berhadapan dengan bahasa metodologi, kelas menengah urban yang memegang reksa dana atau saham cenderung lebih percaya pada bahasa yang kedua. Sumber persuasif ketiga adalah blunder komunikasi pemerintah sendiri. Komentar oksigen memberi lawan dan pengkritik sebuah anekdot yang mudah diingat, mudah dijadikan meme, dan sulit dibela. Dalam teori pembingkaian, anekdot semacam itu berfungsi sebagai “bukti kecil” yang membuat seluruh bingkai terasa benar.
Dari ketiga sumber itu dapat ditarik kesimpulan analitis yang tidak nyaman bagi penganut teori konspirasi. Bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” tidak membutuhkan buzzer asing untuk menyebar karena ia sudah memiliki bahan bakar domestik yang melimpah: penderitaan nyata akibat asap, ketidakpastian ekonomi, dan pernyataan pejabat yang menjadi bahan tertawaan regional. Esai KBA13 Insight pada 20 Oktober 2026 berjudul Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap juga menunjukkan bahwa bingkai itu memiliki titik lemah yang nyata, karena keterkaitan korporasi berbasis Singapura, terutama pemasok pulp Asia Pulp & Paper, berarti akuntabilitas tidak bisa hanya dibebankan pada Indonesia. Titik lemah inilah yang seharusnya menjadi bahan kontra-narasi yang cerdas, yakni narasi akuntabilitas bersama, bukan tuduhan bahwa setiap orang yang mengutip ketegasan Singapura adalah agen asing.
Arsitektur Pertahanan Informasi Singapura dan Ironi Asimetri
Hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” harus pula ditimbang terhadap doktrin dan hukum Singapura sendiri. Singapura merupakan salah satu negara dengan rezim anti-campur tangan asing paling ketat di dunia. Menurut Allen & Gledhill dalam ulasan berjudul Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 effective from 2 October 2019, POFMA memungkinkan perintah koreksi, pemblokiran, penetapan lokasi daring yang berulang kali menyebarkan kebohongan, serta perintah kepada platform untuk menangani akun tidak autentik dan perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi. Menurut Kementerian Dalam Negeri Singapura (MHA) dalam tulisan berjudul Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill: Safeguarding Singapore from Foreign Interference, FICA disahkan parlemen pada 4 Oktober 2021 untuk mencegah, mendeteksi, dan mengganggu campur tangan asing melalui kampanye informasi bermusuhan dan proksi lokal, dengan prinsip bahwa politik Singapura adalah urusan warga Singapura. Ketentuan kampanye informasi bermusuhan, menurut pengumuman MHA berjudul HIC Provisions of the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act to Take Effect from 7 July 2022, mulai berlaku pada 7 Juli 2022.
Instrumen ini bukan sekadar teks. Laporan Malay Mail pada 19 Juli 2024 berjudul Singapore to block 95 social media accounts tied to convicted Chinese billionaire Guo Wengui mencatat perintah pembatasan terhadap 95 akun di lima platform yang menerbitkan lebih dari 120 video tentang transisi kepemimpinan Singapura secara terkoordinasi. Pengumuman MHA pada 23 April 2026 berjudul Six inauthentic websites blocked for potential threat of being used to mount hostile information campaigns against Singapore menjelaskan pemblokiran enam situs yang dioperasikan aktor asing, lima di antaranya bagian dari jaringan yang ditandai Google Threat Analysis Group dan Mandiant. Pada level doktrin, laman Kementerian Pembangunan Digital dan Informasi berjudul Total Defence Strengthened with Addition of Digital Defence as the Sixth Pillar menempatkan pertahanan psikologis dan, sejak 15 Februari 2019, pertahanan digital sebagai pilar Total Defence. Lembar fakta MINDEF tertanggal 28 Oktober 2022 tentang Digital and Intelligence Service menyebut DIS dibentuk pada 28 Oktober 2022 sebagai matra keempat dengan Digital Defence Command yang membawahi Psychological Defence Group.
Dari sini muncul ironi dan asimetri yang perlu dibaca jernih. Ironinya, negara yang paling keras menghukum campur tangan informasi asing di wilayahnya tentu memahami betul biaya reputasi dan hukum apabila ia ketahuan melakukan hal serupa terhadap tetangga terbesarnya. MHA bahkan pada 4 Januari 2024, sebagaimana dilaporkan Malay Mail dalam berita Singapore home affairs ministry warns against importing foreign politics, menanggapi tuduhan bahwa Singapura dapat dijadikan basis untuk memengaruhi pemilu Indonesia dengan menegaskan akan menindak siapa pun yang melakukan kampanye politik asing dari wilayahnya. Asimetrinya, Singapura memiliki kapasitas kelembagaan yang besar untuk ketahanan kognitif dan intelijen digital, sebagaimana diulas dalam esai KBA13 Insight berjudul Kekuatan Intelijen Singapura: Struktur, Aliansi, dan Teknologi 10 Tahun Terakhir dan buku Intelligence as Statecraft: Singapore’s Strategic Transformation in the Indo-Pacific (2025). Kapasitas tidak sama dengan niat, dan niat tidak sama dengan tindakan. Akan tetapi, kesenjangan kapasitas itu menjelaskan mengapa sebagian publik Indonesia merasa wajar mencurigai, dan mengapa Indonesia perlu membangun kemampuan forensik sendiri alih-alih bergantung pada kecurigaan.
Aktor Pihak Ketiga, Mobilisasi Nasionalis, dan Bahaya Sentimen Etnis
Analisis atribusi yang matang selalu bertanya: siapa yang diuntungkan oleh keretakan ini? Dalam lanskap Asia Tenggara, sejumlah kekuatan besar memiliki kepentingan terhadap hubungan Jakarta dan Singapura, mulai dari persaingan Amerika Serikat dan Tiongkok di Selat Malaka hingga posisi Australia setelah perjanjian keamanan bersama dengan Indonesia pada Februari 2026, sebagaimana dicatat esai Masa Depan Konfrontasi. Buku The Beijing Factor in Southeast Asia: Chinese Power, Regional Response, and the Contest for the Archipelago (2026) menegaskan bahwa pengaruh eksternal di kawasan sangat ditentukan oleh kerentanan dan pilihan negara-negara di dalamnya. Operasi pengaruh lintas negara dengan meniru media lokal memang terdokumentasi secara global. Laporan Citizen Lab pada Februari 2024 berjudul PAPERWALL: Chinese Websites Posing as Local News Outlets Target Global Audiences with Pro-Beijing Content menemukan 123 situs di 30 negara, tetapi Indonesia dan Singapura tidak termasuk dalam daftar sasarannya. Hingga 27 Oktober 2026, telaah ini tidak menemukan dokumentasi terbuka mengenai operasi negara ketiga yang menunggangi krisis asap, MSCI, atau gas. Tingkat keyakinan atas keberadaan untai keenam dalam episode ini adalah Rendah.
Aktor pihak ketiga yang paling terlihat justru warganet Malaysia, dan aktivitas mereka bersifat terbuka. Laporan The Straits Times yang dimuat ulang Asia News Network pada 26 Oktober 2026 berjudul Smell of smoke, sting of insults: Malaysians target Indonesia with boycott of goods over haze menggambarkan seruan boikot produk Indonesia melalui Facebook, tanpa indikasi pengorganisasian, sementara para ekonom dan pakar hukum Malaysia menyarankan agar boikot ditargetkan pada perusahaan yang terbukti terkait pembakaran. Ini adalah gejala yang perlu diwaspadai, bukan karena ia operasi terselubung, melainkan karena ia dapat memicu siklus balas-membalas nasionalisme antarwarganet yang mudah dimanfaatkan siapa pun. Dalam siklus seperti itu, aktor oportunis, baik domestik maupun asing, tidak perlu menciptakan konflik; mereka cukup mempercepat konflik yang sudah ada.
Bahaya paling serius dari mobilisasi kontra-nasionalis adalah tergelincirnya sentimen anti-Singapura menjadi sentimen anti-Tionghoa. Esai Masa Depan Konfrontasi mencatat beredarnya narasi bahwa Singapura didirikan oleh sindikat Tionghoa, sebuah klaim yang tidak memiliki dasar historis tetapi beredar di sebagian khalayak Indonesia dan Malaysia, dan memperingatkan risiko permusuhan etnis terhadap warga Tionghoa Indonesia. Ingatan kolektif tentang Mei 1998 menjadikan peringatan ini sangat nyata. Pada tahun 2017, Ketua Komnas Perempuan Azriana Manalu, sebagaimana dilaporkan Merahputih dalam berita Komnas Perempuan: Tragedi Mei 98 Memoar Bahaya Sentimen Etnis, mengingatkan bahwa berbagai pihak akan mengambil keuntungan dari perpecahan. Dalam kerangka DISARM, eksploitasi identitas etnis dan agama merupakan salah satu teknik paling efektif untuk memperbesar polarisasi. Karena itu, pelabelan “buzzer Singapura” yang sembrono bukan hanya kesalahan analitis, tetapi juga dapat menjadi pintu masuk bagi operasi yang benar-benar berbahaya.
Kata Para Pemimpin: Pernyataan yang Terverifikasi
Pernyataan para pemimpin membentuk kerangka tafsir bagi jutaan pengguna media sosial, sehingga kata-kata mereka perlu dicatat dengan cermat. Di Gontor pada 19 September 2026, menurut Suara.com dalam berita Punya Uang Bisa Bayar Buzzer, Prabowo: Jangan Percaya Antek-antek Asing dan yang Ada di Medsos, Presiden Prabowo berpesan, “Jangan percaya mereka-mereka yang saya katakan antek-antek asing,” dan menambahkan, “mereka punya uang mereka bisa bayar buzzer, mereka bisa main di sosmed, hati-hati!” Dalam Sidang Kabinet Paripurna 21 Oktober 2026, menurut Suara.com dalam berita Sebut Karhutla Kejahatan Kemanusiaan, Prabowo Perintahkan Usut Tuntas Korporasi Nakal, Presiden menyatakan, “Dan bagi negara-negara tertentu yang suka menghina bangsa Indonesia pada saatnya kita akan buka perusahaan-perusahaannya.” Kepala Bakom Syahganda Nainggolan kemudian, menurut Suara.com dalam berita Syahganda Nainggolan Luruskan Pesan Prabowo ke MSCI, menjelaskan, “Bukan menantang. Maksudnya, dia jangan ditantang.” Menteri Bahlil Lahadalia, menurut Eco-Business dalam berita Indonesia signals gas export curbs for countries that do not “respect” it, menyatakan tidak akan ragu mempertimbangkan penghentian ekspor kepada negara yang tidak menghormati Indonesia.
Dari pihak Singapura, pernyataan yang tercatat menekankan legalitas dan kepentingan korban. Shanmugam, sebagaimana dikutip detikNews, menyatakan, “Kita seharusnya tidak perlu menanggung beban kabut asap akibat pembakaran lahan ini,” dan menambahkan keyakinannya bahwa pandangan pejabat yang bersangkutan tidak mewakili sikap pemerintah Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Menteri Negara Rahayu Mahzam, sebagaimana dikutip CNN Indonesia pada 22 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Singapura Kritik RI Soal Asap Kebakaran Hutan hingga Oksigen, menyatakan, “Pernyataan seperti ini tidak dapat kita terima,” sekaligus menyambut komitmen Presiden Prabowo dalam menangani kebakaran. Kedutaan Besar Singapura di Jakarta menyebut kabar pertemuan Dino dan Saiful sebagai “jelas merupakan disinformasi”. Di sisi Indonesia yang lain, Dino menyatakan kepada detikNews, “Ini postingan fiktif dari tim siluman,” sementara Bambang Haryadi dari Gerindra menekankan bahwa kritik hendaknya ditujukan untuk perbaikan tanpa ada sisipan kepentingan lain, apalagi asing.
Membaca pernyataan-pernyataan ini secara berdampingan menghasilkan pola yang jelas. Pemerintah Singapura menggunakan bahasa hukum, korban, dan pemisahan antara pejabat dan rakyat. Pemerintah Indonesia menggunakan bahasa kedaulatan, penghinaan, dan kewaspadaan terhadap antek asing yang membayar buzzer. Tidak ada satu pun pernyataan resmi Indonesia yang secara eksplisit menuduh Singapura menjalankan operasi buzzer; tuduhan itu hidup dalam ruang antara pernyataan resmi dan tafsir publik. Namun justru ruang antara itulah yang paling berbahaya, karena frasa “antek asing” yang diucapkan pada September dapat dengan mudah dilekatkan kepada siapa pun yang pada Oktober memuji ketegasan Singapura dalam soal asap. Pada titik ini, komunikasi pemimpin bukan sekadar pesan, melainkan peta yang menentukan ke mana kecurigaan publik diarahkan.
Matriks Penilaian Hipotesis dan Indikator Pembukti
Tabel berikut merangkum penilaian atas keenam untai berdasarkan bukti terbuka hingga 27 Oktober 2026. Kolom terakhir menunjukkan bukti apa yang akan mengubah penilaian, sehingga matriks ini dapat dipakai ulang oleh jurnalis, peneliti, atau lembaga negara ketika data baru muncul.
| Untai | Temuan bukti terbuka | Keyakinan | Bukti pengubah penilaian |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Warganet Singapura | Ada dan organik; komentar bernama pribadi, tanpa pola koordinasi | Tinggi (organik) | Klaster akun baru dengan unggahan identik berbahasa Indonesia |
| 2. Komunikasi resmi Singapura | Terbuka, tercatat, berbahasa hukum dan korban | Tinggi (sah, bukan terselubung) | Iklan berbayar tanpa identitas atau proksi lokal yang didanai |
| 3. Kritik domestik Indonesia | Korban asap, pengguna Threads, mantan diplomat; bahasa akuntabilitas | Tinggi (domestik) | Bukti aliran dana asing kepada akun atau tokoh tertentu |
| 4. Industri buzzer domestik | Struktur terdokumentasi; hoaks “Londo ireng” menyasar pengkritik | Sedang (koordinasi); Rendah (sponsor) | Laporan platform tentang jaringan akun, data pembuatan akun |
| 5. Operasi negara Singapura | Tidak ditemukan dokumentasi; berlawanan dengan doktrin hukum Singapura | Rendah | Atribusi teknis platform atau lembaga independen yang menautkan jaringan ke entitas negara |
| 6. Negara ketiga | Tidak ditemukan dalam episode ini; boikot Malaysia bersifat terbuka | Rendah | Situs tiruan media lokal atau jaringan multinegara yang mengangkat isu asap atau gas |
Matriks ini memperlihatkan bahwa hipotesis “buzzer Singapura” dalam pengertian kuat bergantung sepenuhnya pada untai kelima, dan untai itulah yang paling miskin bukti. Indikator yang akan menguatkan hipotesis dapat dirumuskan secara konkret: klaster akun berbahasa Indonesia yang dibuat dalam rentang waktu sempit dan mengunggah konten identik pro-Singapura; pengelolaan halaman dari lokasi Singapura dengan penyamaran identitas; belanja iklan politik dalam dolar Singapura tanpa pengungkapan pembayar; keterkaitan finansial antara entitas negara dan agensi komunikasi Indonesia; atau temuan teknis dari laporan ancaman platform. Sebaliknya, hipotesis melemah apabila akun-akun yang dituduh terbukti berumur panjang, memiliki riwayat unggahan beragam, berlokasi di Indonesia, dan menyuarakan kritik yang sama dalam isu-isu domestik sebelumnya. Seluruh indikator yang dapat diperiksa dari sumber terbuka saat ini lebih condong pada kelompok kedua.
Ketiadaan bukti ini harus dibaca secara tepat. Dalam analisis intelijen, ketiadaan bukti bukanlah bukti ketiadaan, karena operasi yang canggih memang dirancang untuk tidak meninggalkan jejak publik. Namun ketiadaan bukti juga memiliki nilai informasi apabila disertai tiga kondisi: perhatian publik terhadap isu sangat tinggi, banyak pihak berkepentingan untuk menemukan bukti, dan negara yang dituduh memiliki insentif kuat untuk tidak melakukannya. Ketiga kondisi itu terpenuhi dalam kasus ini. Pemerintah, partai berkuasa, media partisan, dan analis telah membicarakan kemungkinan operasi Singapura, tetapi tidak satu pun menyajikan bukti teknis. Bahkan berita RMOL pada 26 Oktober 2026 berjudul Waspadai Operasi Intelijen Singapura Menggoyang Prabowo Buntut Bisnis Terganggu menyajikan kewaspadaan, bukan temuan. Maka penilaian yang paling jujur adalah bahwa hipotesis operasi negara Singapura belum dapat dibuktikan, bertentangan dengan beberapa indikator struktural, dan karena itu berada pada tingkat keyakinan Rendah.
Argumen Tandingan: Menguji Kesimpulan Sendiri
Argumen tandingan pertama menyatakan bahwa negara kecil dengan kapasitas intelijen digital yang tinggi justru paling mampu menjalankan operasi tanpa jejak, sehingga ketiadaan bukti adalah tanda kecanggihan. Argumen ini tidak dapat dibantah secara mutlak, dan karena itu telaah ini tidak menyatakan probabilitasnya nol. Namun argumen semacam ini memiliki kelemahan logis yang serius: ia tidak dapat difalsifikasi. Setiap ketiadaan bukti dibaca sebagai bukti, sehingga hipotesis tidak pernah dapat diuji. Analisis yang sehat harus menolak struktur argumen seperti itu, atau setidaknya mengakui bahwa ia berada di luar wilayah pengetahuan dan masuk ke wilayah keyakinan. Selain itu, operasi pengaruh yang efektif membutuhkan skala, dan skala hampir selalu meninggalkan residu yang dapat dideteksi platform, sebagaimana diperlihatkan oleh pemberantasan jaringan InsightID maupun jaringan Guo Wengui yang ditindak Singapura sendiri.
Argumen tandingan kedua menyatakan bahwa Singapura tidak perlu buzzer karena ia sudah memiliki saluran pengaruh yang jauh lebih kuat: investasi, jaringan bisnis, dan akses kepada elite. Argumen ini sebagian benar dan bahkan lebih kuat daripada hipotesis buzzer. Buku Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998 (2025) dan esai KBA13 Insight berjudul Dominasi Perusahaan Singapura di Ekonomi Indonesia menggambarkan jaringan kapital yang luas dari perbankan hingga telekomunikasi. Akan tetapi, pengaruh struktural semacam itu adalah persoalan kebijakan ekonomi dan tata kelola investasi, bukan persoalan propaganda daring. Mencampuradukkan keduanya justru melemahkan kemampuan Indonesia untuk menanganinya, karena perhatian dialihkan dari regulasi kepemilikan, transparansi korporasi, dan penegakan pajak ke perburuan akun anonim.
Argumen tandingan ketiga datang dari arah sebaliknya: mungkin telaah ini terlalu cepat menyimpulkan bahwa hoaks “Londo ireng” berasal dari jaringan domestik pro-pemerintah, padahal ia bisa saja dibuat oleh pihak mana pun, termasuk aktor asing yang ingin memperburuk polarisasi di Indonesia. Keberatan ini tepat, dan karena itu telaah ini tidak menetapkan sponsor hoaks tersebut. Penilaian yang diberikan hanyalah bahwa arah konten hoaks itu menyerang pengkritik pemerintah dan memperkuat bingkai pengkhianatan, sehingga ia tidak cocok dengan hipotesis operasi Singapura yang menyerang pemerintahan Prabowo. Argumen tandingan keempat menyatakan bahwa komunikasi publik Singapura yang memisahkan pejabat dari rakyat Indonesia merupakan bentuk campur tangan. Argumen ini layak didiskusikan dalam ranah diplomasi, tetapi ia tetap berbeda secara kategoris dari operasi terselubung karena sumbernya terbuka dan dapat dijawab secara terbuka.
Skenario Hingga Pertengahan 2027 dan Rekomendasi Kebijakan
Proyeksi berikut disusun dengan horizon hingga pertengahan 2027, periode yang mencakup batas keputusan akhir MSCI pada 30 Juni 2027 sebagaimana dilaporkan CNN Indonesia, musim kemarau berikutnya, dan proses negosiasi pasokan gas menjelang berakhirnya kontrak pada akhir 2028. Probabilitas yang disajikan merupakan penilaian analitis berbasis pola historis dan bukti saat ini, bukan hasil model kuantitatif.
Skenario hingga pertengahan 2027
- 1De-eskalasi terkelola dan narasi akuntabilitas bersama40%
- 2Perang narasi berkepanjangan dengan hoaks berkala35%
- 3Sekuritisasi kritik dan mobilisasi nasionalis bernuansa etnis18%
- 4Terungkapnya operasi pengaruh asing yang terdokumentasi7%
Probabilitas merupakan penilaian subjektif analis yang mempertimbangkan pola krisis asap 2013 dan 2015, perilaku pasar setelah konsultasi MSCI, serta ketiadaan bukti operasi negara asing per 27 Oktober 2026. Skenario 4 mencakup aktor negara mana pun, tidak terbatas pada Singapura.
Skenario pertama terjadi apabila musim hujan meredakan titik api, kedua pemerintah memindahkan sengketa ke jalur penegakan hukum korporasi bersama, dan retorika “penghinaan” digantikan oleh pengungkapan nama perusahaan yang terbukti bersalah, termasuk yang berbasis di Singapura. Skenario kedua lebih realistis bila pasar tetap tertekan dan pemangkasan gas meluas, sehingga setiap unggahan kritis dicurigai dan setiap pembelaan pemerintah dicap buzzer. Skenario ketiga, meskipun berprobabilitas lebih kecil, memiliki dampak paling merusak karena dapat menormalkan pelabelan “antek asing” terhadap akademisi, jurnalis, dan mantan diplomat, sekaligus membuka ruang bagi sentimen anti-Tionghoa. Skenario keempat, bila terjadi, akan menuntut respons kontra-intelijen yang tegas, tetapi hanya kredibel jika berbasis bukti teknis yang dapat diaudit.
Rekomendasi pertama ditujukan kepada Kementerian Komunikasi dan Digital: menerbitkan laporan atribusi publik atas hoaks “Londo ireng” yang telah dilaporkan Dino dan Kedutaan Singapura, membuka statistik permintaan pemblokiran konten terkait karhutla, serta menghindari penggunaan label “antek asing” dalam komunikasi resmi. Kebutuhan transparansi ini mendesak karena, menurut VOI pada 23 Oktober 2026 dalam berita Drone Emprit Sebut Jawaban Meta AI Tak Bisa Jadi Bukti, Ismail Fahmi menilai dasar hukum setiap pemblokiran belum selalu terbuka, sementara isu pembatasan konten karhutla berada dalam posisi klaim lawan klaim. Kepada Badan Siber dan Sandi Negara, telaah ini merekomendasikan pembentukan unit forensik operasi pengaruh yang bekerja dengan standar DISARM dan berbagi indikator teknis dengan platform. Kepada Badan Intelijen Negara, rekomendasinya adalah memisahkan secara tegas penilaian strategis tentang campur tangan asing dari pelabelan politik terhadap pengkritik, serta melaporkan temuan kepada Komisi I DPR dalam forum tertutup yang akuntabel. Peringatan Al Araf dalam harian Kompas pada tahun 2014 berjudul Intelijen, Munir, dan Jokowi tentang intelijen yang memandang gerakan demokrasi sebagai ancaman tetap relevan sebagai rambu.
Kepada Kementerian Luar Negeri, telaah ini merekomendasikan saluran konsultasi bilateral tentang disinformasi, sebagaimana telah dirintis Kedutaan Singapura melalui kerja sama dengan Komdigi, serta pernyataan bersama bahwa kedua negara menolak penggunaan akun tidak autentik dalam sengketa ini. Kepada platform seperti Meta, X, dan TikTok, rekomendasinya adalah melakukan penyelidikan perilaku tidak autentik terkoordinasi atas jaringan yang menyebarkan hoaks pertemuan di kediaman duta besar dan mempublikasikan hasilnya. Kepada jurnalis, rekomendasinya adalah menghindari judul yang mengubah rumor menjadi “konspirasi level tinggi” dan selalu memisahkan klaim, bantahan, serta bukti. Kepada masyarakat sipil seperti Drone Emprit, SAFEnet, dan pemeriksa fakta, rekomendasinya adalah audit jaringan independen terhadap tagar dan narasi Singapura selama Oktober 2026. Kepada Pemerintah Singapura, rekomendasinya adalah mempublikasikan dasar bukti pemberitahuan hukum asap secara lebih rinci, menindak secara setara korporasi yang berbasis di Singapura, menjaga transparansi Temasek dan GIC dalam isu indeks, serta mengkalibrasi bahasa diplomasi publik agar pemisahan antara pejabat dan rakyat Indonesia tidak dibaca sebagai upaya memecah belah.
Keterbatasan dan Kesimpulan
Telaah ini memiliki keterbatasan yang perlu dinyatakan secara terbuka. Pertama, analisis bersandar sepenuhnya pada sumber terbuka dan tidak memiliki akses ke data internal platform, metadata akun, atau transaksi keuangan, sehingga penilaian koordinasi bersifat tidak langsung. Kedua, sebagian sumber penting tidak dapat dibaca secara utuh, termasuk isi berita RMOL tentang operasi intelijen Singapura dan sejumlah laporan media yang membatasi akses otomatis, sehingga telaah ini hanya merujuk judulnya tanpa menyimpulkan isinya. Ketiga, klaim koordinasi dalam kasus “Londo ireng” sebagian besar berasal dari pihak yang diserang dan belum diverifikasi secara independen. Keempat, rentang waktu analisis sangat pendek, yakni 10 hingga 27 Oktober 2026, sehingga operasi yang bekerja dalam jangka panjang mungkin belum terlihat. Kelima, telaah ini tidak melakukan analisis jaringan kuantitatif sendiri atas tagar atau akun tertentu. Keterbatasan ini tidak membatalkan temuan, tetapi membatasi tingkat keyakinan dan membuka ruang bagi revisi apabila bukti baru muncul.
Kesimpulan telaah ini dapat dirumuskan secara lugas. Bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” memang beredar luas di ruang digital Indonesia selama krisis Oktober 2026, dan ia memang merugikan citra pemerintah. Akan tetapi, bukti terbuka menunjukkan bahwa bingkai itu terutama lahir dari tiga sumber yang sah atau organik: diplomasi publik Singapura yang tercatat, kemarahan warga Indonesia yang terdampak asap, dan kritik rasional terhadap respons ekonomi dan komunikasi pemerintah. Hipotesis bahwa negara Singapura menjalankan operasi buzzer terselubung untuk menggoyang pemerintahan Prabowo berada pada tingkat keyakinan Rendah. Sebaliknya, satu-satunya disinformasi terkoordinasi yang terdokumentasi bergerak ke arah berlawanan, menuduh pengkritik pemerintah sebagai “Londo ireng”. Temuan ini selaras dengan peringatan dalam esai KBA13 Insight berjudul Mind Control, Intelijen, dan Kebangkitan AI tentang tata kelola berbasis kesan masuk akal, ketika aktor tidak perlu membuktikan kebenaran, cukup tampak meyakinkan.
Implikasi strategisnya melampaui hubungan bilateral. Indonesia membutuhkan kemampuan atribusi yang kredibel, bukan sekadar kecurigaan yang nyaring, karena kredibilitas adalah mata uang utama dalam perang informasi. Esai KBA13 Insight pada tahun 2024 berjudul Membaca Arah Geopolitik dan Geostrategi Pemerintahan Prabowo: Suatu Perspektif Intelijen Strategis telah mengingatkan bahwa intelijen strategis kerap dikalahkan oleh intelijen keamanan; krisis ini memperlihatkan harga dari ketidakseimbangan itu. Apabila Jakarta mampu menunjukkan dengan bukti siapa yang menyebar hoaks, menindak korporasi pembakar tanpa memandang asal modalnya, dan menjawab kritik dengan data, bingkai “Singapura wajar bertindak” akan kehilangan daya bujuknya dengan sendirinya. Sebaliknya, apabila setiap kritik dijawab dengan label antek asing, Indonesia akan memenangkan pertempuran kecil di linimasa tetapi kehilangan sesuatu yang jauh lebih berharga: kepercayaan warganya sendiri dan kewibawaannya di mata kawasan. Kesimpulan seperti ini mungkin tidak memuaskan mereka yang mencari musuh di seberang selat, tetapi justru di situlah nilai analisis yang jujur.
Rujukan dan Sumber
Dokumen resmi dan data
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2021). Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill: Safeguarding Singapore from Foreign Interference. MHA.
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2022). HIC Provisions of the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act to Take Effect from 7 July 2022. MHA.
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2026). Six inauthentic websites blocked for potential threat of being used to mount hostile information campaigns against Singapore. MHA.
- Ministry of Digital Development and Information Singapore (2019). Total Defence Strengthened with Addition of Digital Defence as the Sixth Pillar. MDDI.
- MINDEF Singapore (28 Oktober 2022). Lembar fakta Digital and Intelligence Service. MINDEF.
- Meta (2019). Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in UAE, Nigeria, Indonesia and Egypt. Meta Newsroom.
- DISARM Foundation (t.t.). Frequently Asked Questions. DISARM Foundation.
Literatur ilmiah
- Bradshaw, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
- François, C. (2019). Disinformation ABC and Other Strategies to Address Malevolent Speech Online. Annenberg Public Policy Center.
- Sastramidjaja, Y. (t.t.). Creating Chaos and Consent: Cyber Troops and Organised Propaganda in Indonesia’s Cybersphere. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Analisis kebijakan dan laporan lembaga
- Esti, K., Camil, M. R., & Attamimi, N. H. (2017). Di Balik Fenomena Buzzer: Memahami Lanskap Industri dan Pengaruh Buzzer di Indonesia. CIPG.
- Citizen Lab (2024). PAPERWALL: Chinese Websites Posing as Local News Outlets Target Global Audiences with Pro-Beijing Content. University of Toronto.
- Allen & Gledhill (2019). Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 effective from 2 October 2019.
- KBA13 Academy Research Center (2026). Laba yang Menyeberang: Arsitektur Pajak Singapura dan Kebocoran Fiskal Indonesia.
Media dan pemberitaan
- Mothership (11 Oktober 2026). Indonesia communications head: when no smoke, send oxygen.
- The Star (12 Oktober 2026). “We send oxygen too”: Indonesian official’s haze remarks spark online ridicule.
- South China Morning Post (15 Oktober 2026). ‘Forgive us’: Indonesians urge Singapore, Malaysia to sue Jakarta as haze blankets region.
- Mothership (16 Oktober 2026). Grace Fu: preventive measures notice to 7 Indonesian companies.
- The Star (16 Oktober 2026). Jakarta stocks plunge 11% as MSCI set to drop Indonesia from indexes.
- Eco-Business (19 Oktober 2026). Singapore widens haze crackdown to Kalimantan, targeting 10 Indonesian firms.
- detikNews (19 Oktober 2026). Singapura Kecewa Kabakom Bilang ‘Kita Bukan Hanya Kirim Asap tapi Oksigen’.
- MalangTIMES (19 Oktober 2026). Ehsan Upin Ipin Sindir Kabut Asap, Warganet Indonesia Ramai-Ramai Minta Maaf.
- Langit7 (20 Oktober 2026). Singapura Sentil Kabakom soal Oksigen vs Asap, Malaysia Minta Indonesia Minta Maaf.
- Katadata (21 Oktober 2026). Prabowo Sebut Negara Asing Hina Indonesia soal Karhutla.
- Suara.com (21 Oktober 2026). Sebut Karhutla Kejahatan Kemanusiaan, Prabowo Perintahkan Usut Tuntas Korporasi Nakal.
- DealStreetAsia (21 Oktober 2026). Prabowo responds to downgrade warning, says MSCI trying to “intimidate” Indonesia.
- Mothership (21 Oktober 2026). Temasek, GIC deny ex-Indonesian minister’s claims they were behind MSCI downgrade threat.
- CNN Indonesia (22 Oktober 2026). Singapura Kritik RI Soal Asap Kebakaran Hutan hingga Oksigen.
- Eco-Business (22 Oktober 2026). Indonesia signals gas export curbs for countries that do not “respect” it.
- Inilah Koran (22 Oktober 2026). Pernyataan Prabowo Soal MSCI Viral di Medsos, Tuai Kritik Pedas Netizen.
- Suara.com (22 Oktober 2026). Syahganda Nainggolan Luruskan Pesan Prabowo ke MSCI: Bukan Menantang, tapi Tak Mau Ditekan.
- VOI (23 Oktober 2026). Drone Emprit Sebut Jawaban Meta AI Tak Bisa Jadi Bukti: Hanya Rangkum Informasi yang Beredar.
- CNN Indonesia (24 Oktober 2026). Silat Pendapat Lutfi vs Dino soal Singapura hingga Karhutla.
- detikNews (24 Oktober 2026). Dino Patti Djalal Bantah Viral ‘Tamu Dubes Singapura’, Bakal Lapor Komdigi.
- Suara.com (25 Oktober 2026). Fitnah Temui Dubes Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal Duga Ada ‘Tim Siluman’ Penyebar Hoaks.
- Republika (25 Oktober 2026). Gerindra Cermati Isu Dino Patti Djalal Temui Dubes Singapura.
- Jurnas (25 Oktober 2026). Akademisi: Kabut Asap 2026 Tidak Dapat Dibebankan kepada Indonesia Semata.
- Malay Mail (25 Oktober 2026). Indonesia cuts natural gas exports to Singapore amid regional haze dispute.
- CNA Indonesia (25 Oktober 2026). ‘Jelas disinformasi’: Kedubes Singapura bantah kabar Dino Patti Djalal dan Saiful Mujani temui duta besar.
- ANTARA (26 Oktober 2026). Singapore Embassy denies claims of meeting with Indonesian figures.
- The Star / The Straits Times (26 Oktober 2026). Singapore embassy rejects claims of meeting with Indonesian figures, says it’s “disinformation”.
- Warta Ekonomi (26 Oktober 2026). Rezim Prabowo Geger, Terendus Konspirasi Level Tinggi Tokoh Antipemerintah dan Dubes Singapura.
- RMOL (26 Oktober 2026). Waspadai Operasi Intelijen Singapura Menggoyang Prabowo Buntut Bisnis Terganggu (judul; isi tidak dapat diakses).
- RMOL (26 Oktober 2026). Dosen UKI: Warganet Tak Perlu Minta Maaf ke Singapura soal Karhutla.
- Plan B (26 Oktober 2026). Netizens Criticise Indonesia’s Gas Export Cuts to Singapore Amid Haze Tensions.
- The Straits Times / Asia News Network (26 Oktober 2026). Smell of smoke, sting of insults: Malaysians target Indonesia with boycott of goods over haze.
- Priatna, PLE (27 Oktober 2026). Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal dan Opini Sesat. RMOL.
- Suara.com (19 September 2026). Punya Uang Bisa Bayar Buzzer, Prabowo: Jangan Percaya Antek-antek Asing dan yang Ada di Medsos.
- kumparan (6 Oktober 2026). Prabowo: Biar yang Punya Uang Bayar Buzzer-Biayai Demo, Kita Tak Gentar.
- CNN Indonesia (1 November 2021). LP3ES: Buzzer Dipakai Elite Politik, Lemahkan Demokrasi RI.
- Malay Mail (4 Januari 2024). Singapore home affairs ministry warns against importing foreign politics amid claims country could be used as platform to influence Indonesian elections.
- Malay Mail (19 Juli 2024). Singapore to block 95 social media accounts tied to convicted Chinese billionaire Guo Wengui.
- Malay Mail (20 Juni 2013). Indonesia says Singapore ‘behaving like a child’ over haze.
- Merahputih (8 Mei 2017). Komnas Perempuan: Tragedi Mei 98 Memoar Bahaya Sentimen Etnis.
Arsip & Pustaka
- Ahmad, K. B. (2025). Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998. KBA13 Insight.
- Ahmad, K. B., & Ibrahim, F. Z. (2025). Intelligence as Statecraft: Singapore’s Strategic Transformation in the Indo-Pacific. KBA13 Insight.
- Ahmad, K. B. (2026). The Beijing Factor in Southeast Asia: Chinese Power, Regional Response, and the Contest for the Archipelago.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia (arsip).
- Al Araf (2014). Intelijen, Munir, dan Jokowi. Kompas, 8 September 2014.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Kekuatan Intelijen Singapura: Struktur, Aliansi, dan Teknologi 10 Tahun Terakhir.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Ekosistem Blog Singapura: Gaya Hidup, Politik, dan Proyeksi Nasionalisme 2050.
- KBA13 Insight (2024). Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Dominasi Perusahaan Singapura di Ekonomi Indonesia.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Islamophobia in Indonesia’s Cyberspace: Politics, Buzzers, and Virtual Fear.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Pasca 25 Agustus 2025: Operasi Wacana, Influencer, dan Perang Informasi di Medsos.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Mind Control, Intelijen, dan Kebangkitan AI: Dari Dominasi Pikiran ke Otomatisasi Kesadaran.
- KBA13 Insight (2024). Membaca Arah Geopolitik dan Geostrategi Pemerintahan Prabowo: Suatu Perspektif Intelijen Strategis.
Cara Mengutip
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustamam. (2026). Perang Narasi di Seberang Selat: Buzzer, Operasi Pengaruh, dan Bingkai “Singapura Wajar Bertindak” dalam Serangan terhadap Pemerintahan Prabowo. Banda Aceh: KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/perang-narasi-seberang-selat-buzzer-singapura-operasi-pengaruh-prabowo/
Guru Besar Antropologi Agama UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh; pendiri KBA13 Insight dan KBA13 Academy. Meraih PhD Sosiologi dari La Trobe University.
Strategic Brief · Intelligence & Strategic Studies · Digital Civilization · Southeast Asian Studies
The Narrative War Across the Strait:Buzzers, Influence Operations, and the “Singapore Is Justified” Frame in Attacks on the Prabowo Government
Amid the haze, a collapsing stock market, and gas supply cuts in October 2026, many Indonesians became convinced that “Singaporean buzzers” were destabilising Jakarta. This brief tests that conviction with the discipline of intelligence analysis. The result: open evidence does not yet show a Singaporean state operation, while the only documented coordinated disinformation actually ran in the opposite direction.

Contents
- IHaze, Stocks, and Gas
- IIChronology of the October 2026 Crisis
- IIIFramework, Method, Confidence
- IVIndonesia’s Buzzer Industry
- VSingaporean Netizens and the State
- VIDomestic Criticism and Apologies
- VIIThe “Londo Ireng” Case
- VIIIThe Persuasive Power of “Justified”
- IXSingapore’s Information Defence
- XThird Parties and Ethnic Sentiment
- XIWhat the Leaders Said
- XIIHypothesis Assessment Matrix
- XIIICounterarguments
- XIVScenarios and Recommendations
- XVLimitations and Conclusion
Abstract
The crisis in Indonesia–Singapore relations in October 2026 unfolded in three arenas at once: transboundary haze that prompted Singaporean legal notices against ten Indonesian companies, a capital-market shock after MSCI opened a consultation on downgrading Indonesia’s status, and cuts to piped gas supplies to Singapore from 24 October. In the digital sphere, the crisis gave rise to accusations that “Singaporean buzzers” were driving anti-government propaganda by spreading the frame that Singapore was justified in taking a hard line. This brief treats that accusation as a hypothesis, not a fact, and tests it using the Actor–Behaviour–Content (ABC) framework, the DISARM taxonomy, and indicators of coordination. Six strands are distinguished: organic opinion among Singaporean netizens, the official strategic communication of the Singapore Government, Indonesian domestic criticism, Indonesia’s commercial buzzer industry, possible coordinated inauthentic behaviour by a foreign state, and third-party actors. As of 27 October 2026, open sources contain no evidence of a covert influence operation run by the Singaporean state. The only documented episode of coordinated disinformation, namely the hoax about a meeting between Dino Patti Djalal and Saiful Mujani and the Singaporean Ambassador, in fact targeted critics of the government with the label “Londo ireng“. This absence of evidence is not a void but a strategic finding: the most immediate threats to Indonesia are the securitisation of criticism, the erosion of public trust, and openings for nationalist mobilisation that could slide into ethnic sentiment.
The “Singapore is justified” frame arose chiefly from Singapore’s open public diplomacy and from Indonesians’ organic anger over haze governance, not from a foreign buzzer operation; the real threat to Jakarta is the temptation to brand every criticism as the voice of foreign lackeys.
- DataOfficial statements from Indonesia and Singapore, news coverage from 10–27 October 2026, Meta’s coordinated inauthentic behaviour takedown reports, research by the Oxford Internet Institute, CIPG, and KITLV–LP3ES, and KBA13 essays and archives
- FrameworkDisinformation ABC (François), the DISARM taxonomy, indicators of coordinated inauthentic behaviour, and a High/Moderate/Low confidence scale
- ProjectionFour scenarios to mid-2027 with recommendations for Komdigi, BSSN, BIN, the Foreign Ministry, platforms, journalists, civil society, and the Singapore Government
Keywords
- buzzers
- influence operations
- disinformation
- attribution
- Singapore
- Prabowo
- haze
- MSCI
- FICA
- psychological defence
- securitisation
When Haze, Stocks, and Gas Become a Narrative Battlefield
Every interstate crisis in the era of digital platforms has two faces. The first can be measured: air pollution indices, the number of hotspots, evaporated market capitalisation, and the volume of gas cut. The second is far more slippery, namely a contest of meaning over who is to blame, who is insulting whom, and who is working for foreign interests. October 2026 laid both faces bare in relations between Indonesia and Singapore. On the surface, the two countries were in dispute over haze, stock indices, and energy. Beneath the surface, the Indonesian public was divided over a more emotional question: whether the wave of criticism of President Prabowo Subianto’s government, including voices asserting that Singapore was justified in acting firmly, represented honest citizen opinion or the product of buzzer networks (buzzer, the Indonesian term for paid or organised social media amplifiers) controlled from across the strait. This question must not be answered with prejudice, nor dismissed with cynicism. In the tradition of sound intelligence analysis, such an accusation must be treated as a working hypothesis, broken down into testable claims, and then weighed against the evidence that is genuinely available. In 2026, an essay in KBA13 Insight titled Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia [The Future of Confrontation towards Open War between Singapore and Indonesia] mapped three triggers of the crisis and warned that whichever side could prove attribution would win global opinion. This brief carries that warning into a narrower but more decisive domain, namely the attribution of narratives.
The stakes are not small. If the “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis is true, Indonesia faces a foreign influence operation that demands a counter-intelligence, diplomatic, and legal response. If the hypothesis is false yet still believed, the state risks treating its own citizens as enemies, narrowing the space for criticism, and damaging relations with the neighbour that is its largest source of investment. Both errors are costly, but the second is harder to correct because it works through suspicion that is continually renewed by every new post. This brief therefore takes the slower path: separating six strands of actors that are often conflated, assessing each strand with an explicit level of confidence, and showing what evidence would strengthen or refute the hypothesis. This approach is in keeping with the spirit of an earlier Research Center study, Laba yang Menyeberang [Profits That Cross Over], which sorted claims of fiscal leakage by their level of proof and concluded that there was no adequate evidence of a secret conspiracy by the Singaporean state. A similar logic is now applied to the information battlefield, where evidence vanishes more quickly and emotions spread far faster.
Chronology of the October 2026 Crisis and the Birth of the “Singapore Is Justified” Frame
This narrative crisis has a ground zero that can be pinpointed precisely. A Mothership report on 11 October 2026 titled Indonesia communications head: when no smoke, send oxygen quoted the Head of the Government Communication Agency (Bakom), Syahganda Nainggolan, who on 10 October described the forest fires as a natural phenomenon beyond human fault and added that when there is no smoke, Indonesia sends oxygen. A detikNews report on 19 October 2026 titled Singapura Kecewa Kabakom Bilang ‘Kita Bukan Hanya Kirim Asap tapi Oksigen’ recorded the original sentence: “We don’t only send smoke; when there’s no smoke, we send oxygen.” It was this sentence that then fuelled cross-border ridicule. A report in The Star on 12 October 2026 titled “We send oxygen too”: Indonesian official’s haze remarks spark online ridicule gathered Facebook comments asking how oxygen of Indonesian origin could be measured, whereas smoke clearly could be. From that moment on, the haze debate was no longer merely about the environment, but about dignity, the government’s communication competence, and who had the right to speak on behalf of the nation.
Three events then piled up within a week. A Mothership report on 16 October 2026 titled Grace Fu: preventive measures notice to 7 Indonesian companies explained that Singapore’s National Environment Agency (NEA) had issued preventive measures notices to seven companies in Sumatra under the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014, and an Eco-Business report on 19 October 2026 titled Singapore widens haze crackdown to Kalimantan, targeting 10 Indonesian firms recorded the widening of the targets to ten companies. On the same day as Grace Fu’s announcement, a report in The Star titled Jakarta stocks plunge 11% as MSCI set to drop Indonesia from indexes recorded the Jakarta index falling more than 11 per cent after MSCI opened a consultation on reclassifying Indonesia as a standalone market, and Mothership later estimated that the two-day sell-off wiped out around US$82 billion in market value. At the peak, a Malay Mail report on 25 October 2026 titled Indonesia cuts natural gas exports to Singapore amid regional haze dispute stated that SKK Migas had cut 31 million standard cubic feet per day of gas supply to Singapore, while the Energy Market Authority (EMA) stated that the reduction amounted to less than two per cent of daily demand and could be handled with contingency plans.
From this maelstrom emerged the frame that is the subject of this brief. The “Singapore is justified” frame rests on three premises: haze is a preventable corporate crime, Singapore has a legal basis to act against the offending companies, and Jakarta’s reactions in the form of gas cuts or accusations of a market conspiracy are a diversion from domestic governance failures. The counter-frame holds that Singapore insulted Indonesia, shelters conglomerates based in its territory, and, according to the accusation of former Trade Minister Muhammad Lutfi, pressured MSCI through Temasek and GIC. A Mothership report on 21 October 2026 titled Temasek, GIC deny ex-Indonesian minister’s claims recorded that Temasek called the accusation “patently untrue” and GIC stated that it was not true, while CNN Indonesia noted that MSCI’s announcement contained no evidence of Singaporean involvement. When these two mutually exclusive frames meet on the same timeline, every supporter of the first is easily suspected of being part of a foreign network. This is where the “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis found fertile ground, long before a single piece of forensic evidence had been presented. This pattern of mutual jibes in fact has precedent. A Malay Mail report on 20 June 2013 titled Indonesia says Singapore ‘behaving like a child’ over haze quoted Coordinating Minister Agung Laksono as saying that Singapore should not behave like a child and make a fuss. The difference is that in 2013 the quarrel took place mainly in press conference rooms, whereas in 2026 it took place in an algorithmic space that rewards outrage.
Analytical Framework, Method, and Levels of Confidence
This brief uses three tools that have become the common language of the international community of disinformation analysts. The first is the ABC framework. In 2019, Camille François of Graphika and the Berkman Klein Center, in a piece for the Annenberg Public Policy Center titled Disinformation ABC and Other Strategies to Address Malevolent Speech Online, formulated three vectors of viral deception: manipulative actors, deceptive behaviour, and harmful content. The value of this framework lies in disciplined separation. Content praising Singapore does not by itself prove a foreign actor, and a foreign actor does not always use deceptive behaviour. The second tool is the DISARM taxonomy, which according to the DISARM Foundation FAQ originated in the AMITT framework in 2019 and now provides codes for tactics and techniques used by, among others, the European Commission and a number of governments to describe influence operations uniformly. The third tool is the set of indicators of coordinated inauthentic behaviour as practised by platforms: accounts created within a similar time window, identical posts within seconds of one another, dense network patterns, pages managed by fake accounts, cross-jurisdictional ad spending, and the diversion of traffic to off-platform sites.
Methodologically, this brief relies on open sources that were examined directly: official statements by both governments, Indonesian, Singaporean, and Malaysian media coverage between 10 and 27 October 2026, network takedown reports by Meta, academic research on Indonesia’s buzzer industry, and KBA13 essays and archives. This brief has no access to internal platform data, IP address logs, or payment transaction data, so technical attribution can only be assessed indirectly. Each assessment is assigned a level of confidence. High means the claim is supported by several independent sources and primary documents. Moderate means the claim is supported by consistent but incomplete evidence, or rests on the testimony of interested parties. Low means the claim is merely a conjecture, unsupported by open evidence, or contradicted by the available evidence. This scale borrows from the analytic assessment tradition of the intelligence community, which distinguishes the likelihood of an event from the quality of the evidence underlying it. That distinction matters because the public often equates “plausible” with “proven”, whereas in the attribution of influence operations the gap between the two can be very wide.
The six strands under examination should be named explicitly from the outset. The first strand is organic opinion among Singaporean netizens. The second strand is the official strategic communication of the Singapore Government, which is legitimate and on the record. The third strand is Indonesian domestic critics, including the opposition and ordinary citizens, who use the “Singapore is right” frame to criticise the government. The fourth strand is Indonesia’s commercial buzzer industry, which can be hired by anyone. The fifth strand is possible coordinated inauthentic behaviour by a foreign state actor, and this strand can only be said to exist if it is documented. The sixth strand is third-country actors that might benefit from a rift between Jakarta and Singapore. The “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis in its strong sense is proven only if the fifth strand is proven and linked to a Singaporean state actor. All the other strands, however noisy, are insufficient to sustain the accusation.
Anatomy of Indonesia’s Buzzer Industry: An Open Market for Anyone
Before searching for a foreign hand, analysis must first understand the domestic market that supplies those hands. In 2017, Klara Esti, M. Rinaldi Camil, and Natasha H. Attamimi, in a report by the Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance titled Di Balik Fenomena Buzzer: Memahami Lanskap Industri dan Pengaruh Buzzer di Indonesia [Behind the Buzzer Phenomenon: Understanding the Industry Landscape and Influence of Buzzers in Indonesia], showed that buzzers had evolved from product advertisers into instruments of political mobilisation since the 2012 Jakarta gubernatorial election and the 2014 presidential election, with increasingly diverse motives and forms that made them hard to control. In 2021, collaborative research by Universitas Diponegoro, LP3ES, KITLV Leiden, the University of Amsterdam, Universitas Islam Indonesia, and Drone Emprit, reported by CNN Indonesia under the title LP3ES: Buzzer Dipakai Elite Politik, Lemahkan Demokrasi RI [LP3ES: Buzzers Used by Political Elites, Weakening Indonesian Democracy], interviewed 78 buzzers over about two years. Ward Berenschot concluded that cyber troops were used by political elites, economic elites, and circles close to the government, organised in four roles, namely coordinators, buzzers, influencers, and content creators, and assembled temporarily for specific purposes. Because the service is expensive, it can mainly be bought by wealthy groups, so that it widens political inequality.
The global dimension of this industry is also well documented. An Oxford Internet Institute report by Samantha Bradshaw, Hannah Bailey, and Philip N. Howard titled Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation recorded 81 countries in which computational propaganda was used, with a growing role for private strategic communication firms. The clearest Indonesian case is recorded in Meta’s announcement of October 2019 titled Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in UAE, Nigeria, Indonesia and Egypt, when the platform removed 69 Facebook accounts, 42 pages, and 34 Instagram accounts linked to the media company InsightID, with ad spending of around US$300,000 and around 410,000 page followers, for English- and Indonesian-language content about Papua. This case matters for the present brief because it shows the pattern most often found in Indonesia: domestically oriented operations, run by local companies, for the interests of domestic actors, even if part of the content is aimed at international audiences.
The analytical implication is clear-cut. In Indonesia, the infrastructure for manufacturing the impression of mass opinion need not be imported; it is available, experienced, and for hire. A 2025 KBA13 Insight essay titled Islamophobia in Indonesia’s Cyberspace: Politics, Buzzers, and Virtual Fear described buzzers as “cyber militias” that live off the sale of fear narratives, while an essay titled Pasca 25 Agustus 2025: Operasi Wacana, Influencer, dan Perang Informasi di Medsos [After 25 August 2025: Discourse Operations, Influencers, and Information Warfare on Social Media] noted that in the wave of demonstrations of August 2025 no single mastermind could be publicly identified. Consequently, every campaign that appears coordinated on Indonesian timelines must first be tested against the domestic hypothesis before being attributed to a foreign state. President Prabowo himself, as reported by kumparan on 6 October 2026 in the story Prabowo: Biar yang Punya Uang Bayar Buzzer-Biayai Demo, Kita Tak Gentar [Prabowo: Let Those with Money Pay Buzzers and Fund Demonstrations, We Are Not Afraid], pointed to parties with hundreds of trillions of rupiah who pay buzzers and algorithms in the context of the handover of land seized by the Forest Area Enforcement Task Force (Satgas PKH), that is, a domestic context concerning the regularisation of forest areas, not a neighbouring country.
The First and Second Strands: Singaporean Netizen Opinion and State Strategic Communication
Singaporean netizens’ opinion about the haze and Indonesian policy clearly exists, but every traceable footprint points to an organic character. The comments compiled by The Star on 12 October came from Facebook accounts with personal names mocking the oxygen claim, and the outlet could not even confirm the commenters’ nationality. A Plan B report on 26 October 2026 titled Netizens Criticise Indonesia’s Gas Export Cuts to Singapore Amid Haze Tensions described online criticism of the gas cuts without quoting a single account and without any indication of coordination. This pattern fits the Singaporean online ecosystem mapped in a 2025 KBA13 Insight essay titled Ekosistem Blog Singapura: Gaya Hidup, Politik, dan Proyeksi Nasionalisme 2050 [The Singapore Blog Ecosystem: Lifestyle, Politics, and Projections of Nationalism to 2050], an ecosystem in which banal nationalism, satire, and criticism of one’s own government coexist. Netizens complaining of breathlessness on Orchard Road need no instructions to be angry. The level of confidence that the first strand is organic and not state-coordinated is High, with the caveat that no public network analysis covers all platforms.
The second strand, the strategic communication of the Singapore Government, is by contrast entirely on the record and therefore does not meet the definition of a covert operation. Minister of State Rahayu Mahzam, as quoted by Langit7 on 20 October 2026 in the story Singapura Sentil Kabakom soal Oksigen vs Asap [Singapore Rebukes Bakom Head over Oxygen vs Smoke], expressed disappointment over the oxygen remark while judging that, from the reactions seen, the remark did not represent the views of the Indonesian people. Senior Minister K. Shanmugam, according to detikNews, said that ironically those who suffered most were the Indonesian people themselves and that the official’s views did not represent the position of the Indonesian government as a whole. From the standpoint of influence analysis, this formulation is a common public diplomacy technique: separating a particular official from his government and people, positioning Singapore as sympathetic to the victims, and framing enforcement as law enforcement against corporations rather than hostility towards a nation. This technique is legitimate, open, and can equally be criticised openly. It differs categorically from fake accounts, because its source is named, its statements can be quoted, and its political accountability is clear.
Yet that categorical distinction does not erase its strategic effect. When Singaporean officials state that the Indonesian people are the greatest victims and that one official does not represent his government, the message hands rhetorical ammunition to domestic critics seeking to pressure the government. A legitimate message can have effects that are perceived as interference. A 2024 KBA13 Insight essay titled Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN [Indonesia–Singapore Relations: Economic Interdependence, Security Politics, and ASEAN Strategic Dynamics] showed that relations between the two countries have always been marked by both tension and dependence, and that the haze issue has turned into a non-traditional security problem. In such a situation, firm public diplomacy by a small, vulnerable state will always be read by part of the large state’s public as arrogance. The level of confidence that the second strand is open state communication and not a covert operation is High; the level of confidence that it reinforced the “Singapore is justified” frame in Indonesia is also High, but that reinforcement occurred through mainstream news coverage, not through networks of inauthentic accounts.
The Third Strand: Domestic Criticism, Netizen Apologies, and the Language of Accountability
The strongest evidence that the “Singapore is justified” frame grew from within the country comes from the Indonesians most affected by the haze. A South China Morning Post report on 15 October 2026 titled ‘Forgive us’: Indonesians urge Singapore, Malaysia to sue Jakarta as haze blankets region quoted Kristaen Albert, a 31-year-old software engineer in Central Kalimantan, who keeps oxygen canisters by his front door and said that the government’s response had been very slow and that residents were angry. A MalangTIMES report on 19 October 2026 titled Ehsan Upin Ipin Sindir Kabut Asap, Warganet Indonesia Ramai-Ramai Minta Maaf [Upin & Ipin’s Ehsan Pokes Fun at the Haze, Indonesian Netizens Apologise en Masse] documented how an Instagram post by a Malaysian animated character about the haze (jerebu) season was flooded with jokey apologies from Indonesian accounts. This pattern shows distinctive organic traits: variation in linguistic style, humour referencing shared popular culture, and a mixture of embarrassment with anger at one’s own government. There is no indication that these accounts were controlled from abroad.
Criticism of the government’s response also spilled over into the capital-market issue. An Inilah Koran report on 22 October 2026 titled Pernyataan Prabowo Soal MSCI Viral di Medsos, Tuai Kritik Pedas Netizen [Prabowo’s Statement on MSCI Goes Viral on Social Media, Draws Sharp Netizen Criticism] recorded comments on Threads arguing that MSCI was mainly asking for transparency of data and market regulation, not bluster or political rhetoric. Former Deputy Foreign Minister Dino Patti Djalal, as reported by CNN Indonesia on 24 October 2026 in the story Silat Pendapat Lutfi vs Dino soal Singapura hingga Karhutla [Lutfi vs Dino Spar over Singapore and the Forest Fires], rejected the MSCI conspiracy theory as absurd and stated that conspiring to harm Indonesia is taboo for Singapore’s elite. These voices, from an engineer in Kalimantan to a former senior diplomat, share one thing: they use the language of accountability, namely the demand that arsonists be punished and that economic policy be explained rationally. This language of accountability happens to align with Singapore’s position, but alignment is not coordination. The level of confidence that the third strand is domestic and organic is High.
It is the response to this third strand that deserves closer scrutiny. In 2026, a communication lecturer at Universitas Kristen Indonesia, Adde Oriza Rio, in an interview published by Jurnas titled Akademisi: Kabut Asap 2026 Tidak Dapat Dibebankan kepada Indonesia Semata [Academic: The 2026 Haze Cannot Be Blamed on Indonesia Alone] and in an RMOL story titled Dosen UKI: Warganet Tak Perlu Minta Maaf ke Singapura soal Karhutla [UKI Lecturer: Netizens Need Not Apologise to Singapore over the Forest Fires], argued that citizens have no mandate to admit fault on behalf of the state and that sympathy can be read as an admission of collective guilt. This argument is legitimate as public debate, and even contains an important point about corporate networks in Singapore and Malaysia. However, in an overheated climate, an argument about “mandate” can easily shift into an argument about “loyalty”. That shift opens the way to the interpretation that citizens who apologise or praise Singapore’s firmness are not disappointed citizens but part of a foreign network. It is at this point that the “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis turns from an empirical question into an instrument of political discipline.
Case Study of the “Londo Ireng” Hoax: Disinformation Running in the Opposite Direction
The only episode in this crisis that shows the hallmarks of coordinated disinformation did not attack the Prabowo government at all, but attacked its critics with the accusation of colluding with Singapore. A detikNews report on 24 October 2026 titled Dino Patti Djalal Bantah Viral ‘Tamu Dubes Singapura’, Bakal Lapor Komdigi [Dino Patti Djalal Denies Viral ‘Guest of the Singaporean Ambassador’ Claim, Will Report to Komdigi] explained that a post claimed Dino and Saiful Mujani had visited the residence of the Singaporean Ambassador on a Sunday, asked “Was something entrusted to them?”, and attached a video of the embassy gate with the caption “Londo ireng is coming”. An ANTARA report on 26 October 2026 titled Singapore Embassy denies claims of meeting with Indonesian figures explained that the phrase (Londo ireng, Javanese for “black Dutchmen”) refers to Indonesians regarded as collaborating with foreign powers. The Embassy of Singapore, according to a CNA Indonesia report titled ‘Jelas disinformasi’: Kedubes Singapura bantah kabar Dino Patti Djalal dan Saiful Mujani temui duta besar [‘Clearly disinformation’: Singapore Embassy denies reports that Dino Patti Djalal and Saiful Mujani met the ambassador], stated “There was no such visit” and said it would cooperate with the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs. Saiful Mujani told Metro TV that he had never spoken directly or indirectly with Dino, let alone met him.
The verifiable facts turn against the post’s claim. A report in The Star on 26 October 2026 titled Singapore embassy rejects claims of meeting with Indonesian figures noted that Dino was in Perth, Australia, from 18 to 20 October for a Global Citizen climate change event and met Timor-Leste President Jose Ramos-Horta, and that the accusation surfaced a few days after Dino rebutted the MSCI conspiracy theory floated by Lutfi. A Suara.com report on 25 October 2026 titled Fitnah Temui Dubes Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal Duga Ada ‘Tim Siluman’ Penyebar Hoaks [Slandered over Meeting the Singaporean Ambassador, Dino Patti Djalal Suspects a ‘Phantom Team’ Spreading Hoaxes] quoted Dino as saying that the story was uploaded on various accounts created by the team itself and that “This is a coordinated, organised action, and it has backing”. In DISARM terms, the pattern described includes the creation of a false narrative, the use of controlled accounts, dissemination across accounts to create an impression of spontaneity, and the exploitation of visual evidence that proves nothing. It is important to note that this claim of coordination comes from the party under attack and has not yet been verified by platforms or independent researchers.
The subsequent amplification shows how a hoax can acquire legitimacy. The Gerindra parliamentary faction, through its Secretary Bambang Haryadi as reported by Republika in the story Gerindra Cermati Isu Dino Patti Djalal Temui Dubes Singapura [Gerindra Scrutinises Issue of Dino Patti Djalal Meeting the Singaporean Ambassador], said it was examining the information and cautioned that criticism should not be infiltrated by other interests, least of all foreign ones. Warta Ekonomi on 26 October 2026 ran the headline Rezim Prabowo Geger, Terendus Konspirasi Level Tinggi Tokoh Antipemerintah dan Dubes Singapura [Prabowo Regime in Uproar as High-Level Conspiracy between Anti-Government Figures and Singaporean Ambassador Sniffed Out], even though the body of the story called the issue a wild rumour. Analyst PLE Priatna, in an RMOL column on 27 October 2026 titled Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal dan Opini Sesat [Singapore, Dino Patti Djalal and Misleading Opinion], called the perpetrators “phantom buzzers” and accused them of being state-funded, without presenting evidence. The case thus contains two unproven claims facing each other: the claim that critics met Singapore, which has been refuted by alibi evidence, and the claim that the operation was state-sponsored, which is not yet supported by evidence. The level of confidence that this hoax is disinformation is High; that its dissemination was coordinated is Moderate; that its sponsor can be identified is Low.
The only documented coordinated disinformation in this crisis did not defend Singapore; it instead accused the government’s critics of being “Londo ireng”.
Why the “Singapore Is Justified” Frame Is Persuasive
The persuasive power of a frame is determined not primarily by who spreads it, but by how well it fits the audience’s experience and the moral language they already know. The “Singapore is justified” frame has three strong persuasive resources. The first is the legal and moral language of haze accountability. The Transboundary Haze Pollution Act supplies a vocabulary that sounds neutral and procedural: notices, action plans, enforcement against negligent companies. The Eco-Business report quoted Shanmugam as saying that Singapore would use “every legal and regulatory lever” against the companies responsible, regardless of whether they had a presence in Singapore. This vocabulary resonates with the anger of residents of Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, and Kalimantan, whose lungs are the first to be affected. As it happens, President Prabowo himself, according to Katadata on 21 October 2026 in the story Prabowo Sebut Negara Asing Hina Indonesia soal Karhutla [Prabowo Says Foreign Countries Insult Indonesia over Forest Fires], called deliberate burning environmental terrorism and pledged to revoke the permits of offending companies, so that the demand for corporate accountability is in fact an area of consensus, not of contention.
The second persuasive resource is the narrative of market discipline. In this frame, MSCI’s downgrade is understood as a technocratic consequence of problems with ownership structure and alleged coordinated trading, not as a political attack. A DealStreetAsia report on 21 October 2026 titled Prabowo responds to downgrade warning, says MSCI trying to “intimidate” Indonesia noted that MSCI insisted its decision rested on a transparent, rules-based methodology, while a number of cross-party members of the House of Representatives (DPR) urged the government to take those concerns seriously. When the rhetoric of sovereignty confronts the language of methodology, the urban middle class holding mutual funds or shares tends to trust the latter. The third persuasive resource is the government’s own communication blunders. The oxygen remark gave opponents and critics an anecdote that was easy to remember, easy to turn into a meme, and hard to defend. In framing theory, such an anecdote functions as “small proof” that makes the entire frame feel true.
From these three resources an analytical conclusion can be drawn that is uncomfortable for adherents of conspiracy theories. The “Singapore is justified” frame needs no foreign buzzers to spread because it already has abundant domestic fuel: real suffering caused by the haze, economic uncertainty, and an official’s statement that became a regional laughing stock. A KBA13 Insight essay of 20 October 2026 titled Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap also showed that the frame has a real weak point, because the links to Singapore-based corporations, especially the pulp supplier Asia Pulp & Paper, mean that accountability cannot be placed on Indonesia alone. It is this weak point that should be the material for an intelligent counter-narrative, namely a narrative of shared accountability, not the accusation that everyone who cites Singapore’s firmness is a foreign agent.
The Architecture of Singapore’s Information Defence and the Irony of Asymmetry
The “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis must also be weighed against Singapore’s own doctrine and law. Singapore is one of the countries with the strictest anti-foreign-interference regimes in the world. According to Allen & Gledhill in a review titled Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 effective from 2 October 2019, POFMA allows correction orders, blocking, the designation of online locations that repeatedly spread falsehoods, and orders to platforms to deal with inauthentic accounts and coordinated inauthentic behaviour. According to Singapore’s Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in a piece titled Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill: Safeguarding Singapore from Foreign Interference, FICA was passed by Parliament on 4 October 2021 to prevent, detect, and disrupt foreign interference through hostile information campaigns and local proxies, on the principle that Singapore’s politics is the business of Singaporeans. The hostile information campaign provisions, according to an MHA announcement titled HIC Provisions of the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act to Take Effect from 7 July 2022, came into force on 7 July 2022.
These instruments are not mere text. A Malay Mail report on 19 July 2024 titled Singapore to block 95 social media accounts tied to convicted Chinese billionaire Guo Wengui recorded restriction orders against 95 accounts across five platforms that had published more than 120 videos about Singapore’s leadership transition in a coordinated manner. An MHA announcement of 23 April 2026 titled Six inauthentic websites blocked for potential threat of being used to mount hostile information campaigns against Singapore explained the blocking of six sites operated by foreign actors, five of them part of a network flagged by Google’s Threat Analysis Group and Mandiant. At the level of doctrine, the Ministry of Digital Development and Information page titled Total Defence Strengthened with Addition of Digital Defence as the Sixth Pillar places psychological defence and, since 15 February 2019, digital defence among the pillars of Total Defence. A MINDEF fact sheet dated 28 October 2022 on the Digital and Intelligence Service states that the DIS was established on 28 October 2022 as the fourth service, with a Digital Defence Command overseeing a Psychological Defence Group.
From this arise an irony and an asymmetry that need to be read clearly. The irony is that the state that most severely punishes foreign information interference in its own territory surely understands well the reputational and legal costs should it be caught doing the same to its largest neighbour. On 4 January 2024, MHA even, as reported by Malay Mail in the story Singapore home affairs ministry warns against importing foreign politics, responded to claims that Singapore could be used as a base for influencing Indonesia’s elections by affirming that it would act against anyone conducting foreign political campaigns from its territory. The asymmetry is that Singapore has substantial institutional capacity for cognitive resilience and digital intelligence, as discussed in a KBA13 Insight essay titled Kekuatan Intelijen Singapura: Struktur, Aliansi, dan Teknologi 10 Tahun Terakhir [Singapore’s Intelligence Power: Structure, Alliances, and Technology over the Past Ten Years] and the book Intelligence as Statecraft: Singapore’s Strategic Transformation in the Indo-Pacific (2025). Capacity is not the same as intent, and intent is not the same as action. Yet that capacity gap explains why part of the Indonesian public finds suspicion natural, and why Indonesia needs to build its own forensic capability instead of relying on suspicion.
Third-Party Actors, Nationalist Mobilisation, and the Danger of Ethnic Sentiment
Mature attribution analysis always asks: who benefits from this rift? In the Southeast Asian landscape, a number of major powers have interests in the relationship between Jakarta and Singapore, from US–China rivalry in the Strait of Malacca to Australia’s position after its mutual security treaty with Indonesia in February 2026, as noted in the Future of Confrontation essay. The book The Beijing Factor in Southeast Asia: Chinese Power, Regional Response, and the Contest for the Archipelago (2026) stresses that external influence in the region is largely determined by the vulnerabilities and choices of the states within it. Cross-border influence operations that imitate local media are indeed documented globally. A Citizen Lab report of February 2024 titled PAPERWALL: Chinese Websites Posing as Local News Outlets Target Global Audiences with Pro-Beijing Content found 123 sites in 30 countries, but Indonesia and Singapore were not on its list of targets. As of 27 October 2026, this brief found no open documentation of a third-country operation riding on the haze, MSCI, or gas crisis. The level of confidence in the existence of the sixth strand in this episode is Low.
The most visible third-party actors were in fact Malaysian netizens, and their activity was open. A Straits Times report republished by Asia News Network on 26 October 2026 titled Smell of smoke, sting of insults: Malaysians target Indonesia with boycott of goods over haze described calls on Facebook to boycott Indonesian products, with no indication of organisation, while Malaysian economists and legal experts advised that any boycott target companies proven to be linked to the burning. This is a symptom to be watched, not because it is a covert operation, but because it can trigger a tit-for-tat cycle of nationalism among netizens that anyone can easily exploit. In such a cycle, opportunistic actors, whether domestic or foreign, need not create conflict; they need only accelerate a conflict that already exists.
The most serious danger of counter-nationalist mobilisation is the slide of anti-Singapore sentiment into anti-Chinese sentiment. The Future of Confrontation essay noted the circulation of a narrative that Singapore was founded by a Chinese syndicate, a claim with no historical basis but which circulates among part of the Indonesian and Malaysian public, and warned of the risk of ethnic hostility towards Chinese Indonesians. The collective memory of May 1998 makes this warning very real. In 2017, the Chair of Komnas Perempuan (the National Commission on Violence against Women), Azriana Manalu, as reported by Merahputih in the story Komnas Perempuan: Tragedi Mei 98 Memoar Bahaya Sentimen Etnis [Komnas Perempuan: The May ’98 Tragedy, a Memoir of the Danger of Ethnic Sentiment], warned that various parties would take advantage of division. Within the DISARM framework, the exploitation of ethnic and religious identity is one of the most effective techniques for amplifying polarisation. Careless labelling of “Singaporean buzzers” is therefore not merely an analytical error, but can also become an entry point for genuinely dangerous operations.
What the Leaders Said: Verified Statements
Leaders’ statements shape the interpretive frame for millions of social media users, so their words need to be recorded carefully. At Gontor on 19 September 2026, according to Suara.com in the story Punya Uang Bisa Bayar Buzzer, Prabowo: Jangan Percaya Antek-antek Asing dan yang Ada di Medsos [Having Money, They Can Pay Buzzers, Prabowo: Don’t Trust Foreign Lackeys and What’s on Social Media], President Prabowo advised, “Don’t trust those whom I call foreign lackeys,” and added, “they have money, they can pay buzzers, they can play on social media, be careful!” At the Plenary Cabinet Session on 21 October 2026, according to Suara.com in the story Sebut Karhutla Kejahatan Kemanusiaan, Prabowo Perintahkan Usut Tuntas Korporasi Nakal [Calling Forest Fires a Crime against Humanity, Prabowo Orders a Thorough Investigation of Rogue Corporations], the President stated, “And for certain countries that like to insult the Indonesian nation, in due course we will expose their companies.” Bakom Head Syahganda Nainggolan then, according to Suara.com in the story Syahganda Nainggolan Luruskan Pesan Prabowo ke MSCI [Syahganda Nainggolan Clarifies Prabowo’s Message to MSCI], explained, “It’s not a challenge. What he means is, don’t challenge him.” Minister Bahlil Lahadalia, according to Eco-Business in the story Indonesia signals gas export curbs for countries that do not “respect” it, said he would not hesitate to consider halting exports to countries that do not respect Indonesia.
On the Singaporean side, the recorded statements emphasise legality and the interests of victims. Shanmugam, as quoted by detikNews, stated, “We should not have to bear the burden of haze from this land burning,” and added his belief that the views of the official concerned did not represent the position of the Indonesian government as a whole. Minister of State Rahayu Mahzam, as quoted by CNN Indonesia on 22 October 2026 in the story Singapura Kritik RI Soal Asap Kebakaran Hutan hingga Oksigen [Singapore Criticises Indonesia over Forest Fire Haze and Oxygen], stated, “Statements like this are unacceptable to us,” while welcoming President Prabowo’s commitment to tackling the fires. The Embassy of Singapore in Jakarta described the report of a meeting with Dino and Saiful as “clearly disinformation”. On the other side in Indonesia, Dino told detikNews, “This is a fictitious post from a phantom team,” while Gerindra’s Bambang Haryadi stressed that criticism should be aimed at improvement without the insertion of other interests, least of all foreign ones.
Reading these statements side by side yields a clear pattern. The Singapore Government uses the language of law, victims, and the separation of officials from the people. The Indonesian government uses the language of sovereignty, insult, and vigilance against foreign lackeys who pay buzzers. Not a single official Indonesian statement explicitly accuses Singapore of running a buzzer operation; the accusation lives in the space between official statements and public interpretation. Yet it is precisely that in-between space that is most dangerous, because the phrase “foreign lackeys” uttered in September can easily be pinned on anyone who in October praised Singapore’s firmness on the haze. At this point, leaders’ communication is not merely a message but a map that determines where public suspicion is directed.
Hypothesis Assessment Matrix and Evidentiary Indicators
The following table summarises the assessment of the six strands based on open evidence as of 27 October 2026. The final column shows what evidence would change the assessment, so that the matrix can be reused by journalists, researchers, or state institutions when new data emerges.
| Strand | Open-source findings | Confidence | Evidence that would change the assessment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Singaporean netizens | Present and organic; comments under personal names, no pattern of coordination | High (organic) | Clusters of new accounts posting identical Indonesian-language content |
| 2. Official Singaporean communication | Open, on the record, couched in the language of law and victims | High (legitimate, not covert) | Paid ads without identification or funded local proxies |
| 3. Indonesian domestic criticism | Haze victims, Threads users, former diplomats; language of accountability | High (domestic) | Evidence of foreign funding flows to particular accounts or figures |
| 4. Domestic buzzer industry | Documented structure; “Londo ireng” hoax targeted critics | Moderate (coordination); Low (sponsor) | Platform reports on account networks, account-creation data |
| 5. Singaporean state operation | No documentation found; contrary to Singapore’s legal doctrine | Low | Technical attribution by a platform or independent body linking a network to a state entity |
| 6. Third countries | Not found in this episode; Malaysian boycott was open | Low | Sites imitating local media or multi-country networks pushing the haze or gas issue |
The matrix shows that the “Singaporean buzzer” hypothesis in its strong sense depends entirely on the fifth strand, and that strand is the poorest in evidence. The indicators that would strengthen the hypothesis can be formulated concretely: clusters of Indonesian-language accounts created within a narrow time window and posting identical pro-Singapore content; management of pages from Singaporean locations with concealed identities; political ad spending in Singapore dollars without disclosure of the payer; financial links between state entities and Indonesian communication agencies; or technical findings from platform threat reports. Conversely, the hypothesis weakens if the accused accounts prove to be long-standing, to have varied posting histories, to be located in Indonesia, and to have voiced the same criticism on earlier domestic issues. All the indicators that can currently be checked from open sources lean towards the second group.
This absence of evidence must be read correctly. In intelligence analysis, absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, because sophisticated operations are designed precisely to leave no public trace. Yet absence of evidence also carries informational value when accompanied by three conditions: public attention to the issue is very high, many parties have an interest in finding evidence, and the accused state has a strong incentive not to act. All three conditions are met in this case. The government, the ruling party, partisan media, and analysts have discussed the possibility of a Singaporean operation, but none has presented technical evidence. Even an RMOL story of 26 October 2026 titled Waspadai Operasi Intelijen Singapura Menggoyang Prabowo Buntut Bisnis Terganggu [Beware a Singaporean Intelligence Operation to Destabilise Prabowo after Business Is Disrupted] offers vigilance, not findings. The most honest assessment, therefore, is that the hypothesis of a Singaporean state operation cannot yet be proven, runs counter to several structural indicators, and accordingly sits at a Low level of confidence.
Counterarguments: Testing Our Own Conclusions
The first counterargument holds that a small state with high digital intelligence capacity is precisely the one most capable of running an operation without a trace, so that the absence of evidence is a sign of sophistication. This argument cannot be refuted absolutely, and this brief therefore does not claim its probability is zero. But an argument of this kind has a serious logical weakness: it is unfalsifiable. Every absence of evidence is read as evidence, so the hypothesis can never be tested. Sound analysis must reject such an argumentative structure, or at least acknowledge that it lies outside the realm of knowledge and enters the realm of belief. Moreover, an effective influence operation requires scale, and scale almost always leaves residue that platforms can detect, as shown both by the takedown of the InsightID network and by the Guo Wengui network acted against by Singapore itself.
The second counterargument holds that Singapore has no need for buzzers because it already possesses far more powerful channels of influence: investment, business networks, and access to elites. This argument is partly true and is even stronger than the buzzer hypothesis. The book Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998 [Portraying the Face of Singapore Inc. in Indonesia: Traces of Singapore’s Capital, Diplomacy, and Intelligence Economy in Post-1998 Indonesia] (2025) and a KBA13 Insight essay titled Dominasi Perusahaan Singapura di Ekonomi Indonesia [The Dominance of Singaporean Companies in the Indonesian Economy] depict an extensive capital network ranging from banking to telecommunications. However, structural influence of that kind is a matter of economic policy and investment governance, not of online propaganda. Conflating the two in fact weakens Indonesia’s ability to deal with it, because attention is diverted from ownership regulation, corporate transparency, and tax enforcement to a hunt for anonymous accounts.
The third counterargument comes from the opposite direction: perhaps this brief is too quick to conclude that the “Londo ireng” hoax originated in a domestic pro-government network, when it could have been created by anyone, including a foreign actor seeking to worsen polarisation in Indonesia. This objection is well taken, and this brief therefore does not identify the sponsor of the hoax. The only assessment offered is that the direction of the hoax’s content attacked the government’s critics and reinforced a frame of betrayal, so that it does not fit the hypothesis of a Singaporean operation attacking the Prabowo government. The fourth counterargument holds that Singapore’s public communication separating officials from the Indonesian people constitutes a form of interference. This argument deserves discussion in the diplomatic sphere, but it remains categorically different from a covert operation because its source is open and can be answered openly.
Scenarios to Mid-2027 and Policy Recommendations
The following projections are made with a horizon to mid-2027, a period that covers MSCI’s final decision deadline of 30 June 2027 as reported by CNN Indonesia, the next dry season, and gas supply negotiations ahead of the contract’s expiry at the end of 2028. The probabilities presented are analytical judgements based on historical patterns and current evidence, not the output of a quantitative model.
Scenarios to mid-2027
- 1Managed de-escalation and a narrative of shared accountability40%
- 2Protracted narrative war with periodic hoaxes35%
- 3Securitisation of criticism and ethnically tinged nationalist mobilisation18%
- 4Exposure of a documented foreign influence operation7%
Probabilities are the analyst’s subjective judgement, taking into account the patterns of the 2013 and 2015 haze crises, market behaviour following the MSCI consultation, and the absence of evidence of a foreign state operation as of 27 October 2026. Scenario 4 covers any state actor, not limited to Singapore.
The first scenario occurs if the rainy season dampens the hotspots, both governments move the dispute onto a track of joint corporate law enforcement, and the rhetoric of “insult” is replaced by the disclosure of the names of companies proven guilty, including those based in Singapore. The second scenario becomes more realistic if the market remains under pressure and the gas cuts widen, so that every critical post is suspected and every defence of the government is branded the work of buzzers. The third scenario, although of lower probability, has the most damaging impact because it could normalise the labelling of academics, journalists, and former diplomats as “foreign lackeys”, while opening space for anti-Chinese sentiment. The fourth scenario, if it occurs, would demand a firm counter-intelligence response, but would be credible only if based on auditable technical evidence.
The first recommendation is addressed to the Ministry of Communication and Digital Affairs: publish a public attribution report on the “Londo ireng” hoax that has been reported by Dino and the Singaporean Embassy, release statistics on content-blocking requests related to the forest fires, and avoid using the label “foreign lackeys” in official communication. This need for transparency is urgent because, according to VOI on 23 October 2026 in the story Drone Emprit Sebut Jawaban Meta AI Tak Bisa Jadi Bukti [Drone Emprit Says Meta AI’s Answer Cannot Serve as Evidence], Ismail Fahmi judged that the legal basis for each blocking has not always been made public, while the issue of restrictions on forest-fire content remains a matter of claim versus counterclaim. To the National Cyber and Crypto Agency (BSSN), this brief recommends establishing an influence-operations forensics unit that works to DISARM standards and shares technical indicators with platforms. To the State Intelligence Agency (BIN), the recommendation is to separate firmly the strategic assessment of foreign interference from the political labelling of critics, and to report findings to Commission I of the DPR in an accountable closed forum. The warning by Al Araf in the daily Kompas in 2014, titled Intelijen, Munir, dan Jokowi [Intelligence, Munir, and Jokowi], about intelligence services that view democratic movements as threats remains relevant as a guardrail.
To the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, this brief recommends a bilateral consultation channel on disinformation, as already initiated by the Singaporean Embassy through its cooperation with Komdigi, together with a joint statement that both countries reject the use of inauthentic accounts in this dispute. To platforms such as Meta, X, and TikTok, the recommendation is to investigate coordinated inauthentic behaviour by the network that spread the hoax about a meeting at the ambassador’s residence and to publish the results. To journalists, the recommendation is to avoid headlines that turn rumour into “high-level conspiracy” and always to separate claims, denials, and evidence. To civil society organisations such as Drone Emprit, SAFEnet, and fact-checkers, the recommendation is an independent network audit of Singapore-related hashtags and narratives during October 2026. To the Singapore Government, the recommendation is to publish the evidentiary basis of its haze legal notices in greater detail, to act equally against Singapore-based corporations, to maintain the transparency of Temasek and GIC on the index issue, and to calibrate the language of public diplomacy so that the separation between officials and the Indonesian people is not read as an attempt to divide.
Limitations and Conclusion
This brief has limitations that need to be stated openly. First, the analysis relies entirely on open sources and has no access to internal platform data, account metadata, or financial transactions, so the assessment of coordination is indirect. Second, some important sources could not be read in full, including the content of the RMOL story on a Singaporean intelligence operation and a number of media reports that restrict automated access, so this brief cites only their headlines without drawing conclusions about their content. Third, the claim of coordination in the “Londo ireng” case comes largely from the party under attack and has not been independently verified. Fourth, the time frame of the analysis is very short, namely 10 to 27 October 2026, so operations working over the long term may not yet be visible. Fifth, this brief did not conduct its own quantitative network analysis of particular hashtags or accounts. These limitations do not invalidate the findings, but they constrain the level of confidence and leave room for revision should new evidence emerge.
The conclusion of this brief can be stated plainly. The “Singapore is justified” frame did indeed circulate widely in Indonesia’s digital space during the October 2026 crisis, and it did indeed harm the government’s image. However, open evidence shows that the frame arose mainly from three legitimate or organic sources: Singapore’s on-the-record public diplomacy, the anger of Indonesians affected by the haze, and rational criticism of the government’s economic response and communication. The hypothesis that the Singaporean state ran a covert buzzer operation to destabilise the Prabowo government sits at a Low level of confidence. On the contrary, the only documented coordinated disinformation ran in the opposite direction, accusing the government’s critics of being “Londo ireng”. This finding is consistent with the warning in a KBA13 Insight essay titled Mind Control, Intelijen, dan Kebangkitan AI [Mind Control, Intelligence, and the Rise of AI] about governance by plausible impression, in which actors need not prove the truth but merely appear convincing.
The strategic implications extend beyond the bilateral relationship. Indonesia needs credible attribution capability, not merely loud suspicion, because credibility is the principal currency of information warfare. A 2024 KBA13 Insight essay titled Membaca Arah Geopolitik dan Geostrategi Pemerintahan Prabowo: Suatu Perspektif Intelijen Strategis [Reading the Geopolitical and Geostrategic Direction of the Prabowo Government: A Strategic Intelligence Perspective] warned that strategic intelligence is often overshadowed by security intelligence; this crisis shows the price of that imbalance. If Jakarta can show with evidence who spread the hoax, act against burning corporations regardless of the origin of their capital, and answer criticism with data, the “Singapore is justified” frame will lose its persuasive power of its own accord. Conversely, if every criticism is answered with the label of foreign lackey, Indonesia will win small battles on the timeline but lose something far more valuable: the trust of its own citizens and its standing in the eyes of the region. Such a conclusion may not satisfy those looking for an enemy across the strait, but that is precisely where the value of honest analysis lies.
References and Sources
Official documents and data
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2021). Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill: Safeguarding Singapore from Foreign Interference. MHA.
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2022). HIC Provisions of the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act to Take Effect from 7 July 2022. MHA.
- Ministry of Home Affairs Singapore (2026). Six inauthentic websites blocked for potential threat of being used to mount hostile information campaigns against Singapore. MHA.
- Ministry of Digital Development and Information Singapore (2019). Total Defence Strengthened with Addition of Digital Defence as the Sixth Pillar. MDDI.
- MINDEF Singapore (28 October 2022). Fact sheet: Digital and Intelligence Service. MINDEF.
- Meta (2019). Removing Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in UAE, Nigeria, Indonesia and Egypt. Meta Newsroom.
- DISARM Foundation (n.d.). Frequently Asked Questions. DISARM Foundation.
Scholarly literature
- Bradshaw, S., Bailey, H., & Howard, P. N. (2021). Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute.
- François, C. (2019). Disinformation ABC and Other Strategies to Address Malevolent Speech Online. Annenberg Public Policy Center.
- Sastramidjaja, Y. (n.d.). Creating Chaos and Consent: Cyber Troops and Organised Propaganda in Indonesia’s Cybersphere. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.
Policy analysis and institutional reports
- Esti, K., Camil, M. R., & Attamimi, N. H. (2017). Di Balik Fenomena Buzzer: Memahami Lanskap Industri dan Pengaruh Buzzer di Indonesia [Behind the Buzzer Phenomenon: Understanding the Industry Landscape and Influence of Buzzers in Indonesia]. CIPG.
- Citizen Lab (2024). PAPERWALL: Chinese Websites Posing as Local News Outlets Target Global Audiences with Pro-Beijing Content. University of Toronto.
- Allen & Gledhill (2019). Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019 effective from 2 October 2019.
- KBA13 Academy Research Center (2026). Laba yang Menyeberang: Arsitektur Pajak Singapura dan Kebocoran Fiskal Indonesia [Profits That Cross Over: Singapore’s Tax Architecture and Indonesia’s Fiscal Leakage].
Media and news reports
- Mothership (11 October 2026). Indonesia communications head: when no smoke, send oxygen.
- The Star (12 October 2026). “We send oxygen too”: Indonesian official’s haze remarks spark online ridicule.
- South China Morning Post (15 October 2026). ‘Forgive us’: Indonesians urge Singapore, Malaysia to sue Jakarta as haze blankets region.
- Mothership (16 October 2026). Grace Fu: preventive measures notice to 7 Indonesian companies.
- The Star (16 October 2026). Jakarta stocks plunge 11% as MSCI set to drop Indonesia from indexes.
- Eco-Business (19 October 2026). Singapore widens haze crackdown to Kalimantan, targeting 10 Indonesian firms.
- detikNews (19 October 2026). Singapura Kecewa Kabakom Bilang ‘Kita Bukan Hanya Kirim Asap tapi Oksigen’ [Singapore Disappointed as Bakom Head Says ‘We Don’t Only Send Smoke but Oxygen’].
- MalangTIMES (19 October 2026). Ehsan Upin Ipin Sindir Kabut Asap, Warganet Indonesia Ramai-Ramai Minta Maaf [Upin & Ipin’s Ehsan Pokes Fun at the Haze, Indonesian Netizens Apologise en Masse].
- Langit7 (20 October 2026). Singapura Sentil Kabakom soal Oksigen vs Asap, Malaysia Minta Indonesia Minta Maaf [Singapore Rebukes Bakom Head over Oxygen vs Smoke, Malaysia Asks Indonesia to Apologise].
- Katadata (21 October 2026). Prabowo Sebut Negara Asing Hina Indonesia soal Karhutla [Prabowo Says Foreign Countries Insult Indonesia over Forest Fires].
- Suara.com (21 October 2026). Sebut Karhutla Kejahatan Kemanusiaan, Prabowo Perintahkan Usut Tuntas Korporasi Nakal [Calling Forest Fires a Crime against Humanity, Prabowo Orders a Thorough Investigation of Rogue Corporations].
- DealStreetAsia (21 October 2026). Prabowo responds to downgrade warning, says MSCI trying to “intimidate” Indonesia.
- Mothership (21 October 2026). Temasek, GIC deny ex-Indonesian minister’s claims they were behind MSCI downgrade threat.
- CNN Indonesia (22 October 2026). Singapura Kritik RI Soal Asap Kebakaran Hutan hingga Oksigen [Singapore Criticises Indonesia over Forest Fire Haze and Oxygen].
- Eco-Business (22 October 2026). Indonesia signals gas export curbs for countries that do not “respect” it.
- Inilah Koran (22 October 2026). Pernyataan Prabowo Soal MSCI Viral di Medsos, Tuai Kritik Pedas Netizen [Prabowo’s Statement on MSCI Goes Viral on Social Media, Draws Sharp Netizen Criticism].
- Suara.com (22 October 2026). Syahganda Nainggolan Luruskan Pesan Prabowo ke MSCI: Bukan Menantang, tapi Tak Mau Ditekan [Syahganda Nainggolan Clarifies Prabowo’s Message to MSCI: Not a Challenge, but Refusing to Be Pressured].
- VOI (23 October 2026). Drone Emprit Sebut Jawaban Meta AI Tak Bisa Jadi Bukti: Hanya Rangkum Informasi yang Beredar [Drone Emprit Says Meta AI’s Answer Cannot Serve as Evidence: It Only Summarises Circulating Information].
- CNN Indonesia (24 October 2026). Silat Pendapat Lutfi vs Dino soal Singapura hingga Karhutla [Lutfi vs Dino Spar over Singapore and the Forest Fires].
- detikNews (24 October 2026). Dino Patti Djalal Bantah Viral ‘Tamu Dubes Singapura’, Bakal Lapor Komdigi [Dino Patti Djalal Denies Viral ‘Guest of the Singaporean Ambassador’ Claim, Will Report to Komdigi].
- Suara.com (25 October 2026). Fitnah Temui Dubes Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal Duga Ada ‘Tim Siluman’ Penyebar Hoaks [Slandered over Meeting the Singaporean Ambassador, Dino Patti Djalal Suspects a ‘Phantom Team’ Spreading Hoaxes].
- Republika (25 October 2026). Gerindra Cermati Isu Dino Patti Djalal Temui Dubes Singapura [Gerindra Scrutinises Issue of Dino Patti Djalal Meeting the Singaporean Ambassador].
- Jurnas (25 October 2026). Akademisi: Kabut Asap 2026 Tidak Dapat Dibebankan kepada Indonesia Semata [Academic: The 2026 Haze Cannot Be Blamed on Indonesia Alone].
- Malay Mail (25 October 2026). Indonesia cuts natural gas exports to Singapore amid regional haze dispute.
- CNA Indonesia (25 October 2026). ‘Jelas disinformasi’: Kedubes Singapura bantah kabar Dino Patti Djalal dan Saiful Mujani temui duta besar [‘Clearly disinformation’: Singapore Embassy denies reports that Dino Patti Djalal and Saiful Mujani met the ambassador].
- ANTARA (26 October 2026). Singapore Embassy denies claims of meeting with Indonesian figures.
- The Star / The Straits Times (26 October 2026). Singapore embassy rejects claims of meeting with Indonesian figures, says it’s “disinformation”.
- Warta Ekonomi (26 October 2026). Rezim Prabowo Geger, Terendus Konspirasi Level Tinggi Tokoh Antipemerintah dan Dubes Singapura [Prabowo Regime in Uproar as High-Level Conspiracy between Anti-Government Figures and Singaporean Ambassador Sniffed Out].
- RMOL (26 October 2026). Waspadai Operasi Intelijen Singapura Menggoyang Prabowo Buntut Bisnis Terganggu [Beware a Singaporean Intelligence Operation to Destabilise Prabowo after Business Is Disrupted] (headline only; content not accessible).
- RMOL (26 October 2026). Dosen UKI: Warganet Tak Perlu Minta Maaf ke Singapura soal Karhutla [UKI Lecturer: Netizens Need Not Apologise to Singapore over the Forest Fires].
- Plan B (26 October 2026). Netizens Criticise Indonesia’s Gas Export Cuts to Singapore Amid Haze Tensions.
- The Straits Times / Asia News Network (26 October 2026). Smell of smoke, sting of insults: Malaysians target Indonesia with boycott of goods over haze.
- Priatna, PLE (27 October 2026). Singapura, Dino Patti Djalal dan Opini Sesat [Singapore, Dino Patti Djalal and Misleading Opinion]. RMOL.
- Suara.com (19 September 2026). Punya Uang Bisa Bayar Buzzer, Prabowo: Jangan Percaya Antek-antek Asing dan yang Ada di Medsos [Having Money, They Can Pay Buzzers, Prabowo: Don’t Trust Foreign Lackeys and What’s on Social Media].
- kumparan (6 October 2026). Prabowo: Biar yang Punya Uang Bayar Buzzer-Biayai Demo, Kita Tak Gentar [Prabowo: Let Those with Money Pay Buzzers and Fund Demonstrations, We Are Not Afraid].
- CNN Indonesia (1 November 2021). LP3ES: Buzzer Dipakai Elite Politik, Lemahkan Demokrasi RI [LP3ES: Buzzers Used by Political Elites, Weakening Indonesian Democracy].
- Malay Mail (4 January 2024). Singapore home affairs ministry warns against importing foreign politics amid claims country could be used as platform to influence Indonesian elections.
- Malay Mail (19 July 2024). Singapore to block 95 social media accounts tied to convicted Chinese billionaire Guo Wengui.
- Malay Mail (20 June 2013). Indonesia says Singapore ‘behaving like a child’ over haze.
- Merahputih (8 May 2017). Komnas Perempuan: Tragedi Mei 98 Memoar Bahaya Sentimen Etnis [Komnas Perempuan: The May ’98 Tragedy, a Memoir of the Danger of Ethnic Sentiment].
Archive & Library
- Ahmad, K. B. (2025). Memotret Wajah Singapore Inc. di Indonesia: Jejak Kapital, Diplomasi, dan Ekonomi Intelijen Singapura di Indonesia Paska-Krisis 1998 [Portraying the Face of Singapore Inc. in Indonesia: Traces of Singapore’s Capital, Diplomacy, and Intelligence Economy in Post-1998 Indonesia]. KBA13 Insight.
- Ahmad, K. B., & Ibrahim, F. Z. (2025). Intelligence as Statecraft: Singapore’s Strategic Transformation in the Indo-Pacific. KBA13 Insight.
- Ahmad, K. B. (2026). The Beijing Factor in Southeast Asia: Chinese Power, Regional Response, and the Contest for the Archipelago.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia [The Future of Confrontation towards Open War between Singapore and Indonesia] (archive).
- Al Araf (2014). Intelijen, Munir, dan Jokowi [Intelligence, Munir, and Jokowi]. Kompas, 8 September 2014.
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia [The Future of Confrontation towards Open War between Singapore and Indonesia].
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Beyond the Smoke: Indonesia’s 2026 Fires, Singapore- and Malaysia-Linked Corporate Networks, and the Regional Accountability Gap.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Kekuatan Intelijen Singapura: Struktur, Aliansi, dan Teknologi 10 Tahun Terakhir [Singapore’s Intelligence Power: Structure, Alliances, and Technology over the Past Ten Years].
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Ekosistem Blog Singapura: Gaya Hidup, Politik, dan Proyeksi Nasionalisme 2050 [The Singapore Blog Ecosystem: Lifestyle, Politics, and Projections of Nationalism to 2050].
- KBA13 Insight (2024). Relasi Indonesia–Singapura: Interdependensi Ekonomi, Politik Keamanan, dan Dinamika Strategis ASEAN [Indonesia–Singapore Relations: Economic Interdependence, Security Politics, and ASEAN Strategic Dynamics].
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Dominasi Perusahaan Singapura di Ekonomi Indonesia [The Dominance of Singaporean Companies in the Indonesian Economy].
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Islamophobia in Indonesia’s Cyberspace: Politics, Buzzers, and Virtual Fear.
- KBA13 Insight (2025). Pasca 25 Agustus 2025: Operasi Wacana, Influencer, dan Perang Informasi di Medsos [After 25 August 2025: Discourse Operations, Influencers, and Information Warfare on Social Media].
- KBA13 Insight (2026). Mind Control, Intelijen, dan Kebangkitan AI: Dari Dominasi Pikiran ke Otomatisasi Kesadaran [Mind Control, Intelligence, and the Rise of AI: From the Domination of Minds to the Automation of Consciousness].
- KBA13 Insight (2024). Membaca Arah Geopolitik dan Geostrategi Pemerintahan Prabowo: Suatu Perspektif Intelijen Strategis [Reading the Geopolitical and Geostrategic Direction of the Prabowo Government: A Strategic Intelligence Perspective].
How to Cite
Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman Bustamam. (2026). The Narrative War Across the Strait: Buzzers, Influence Operations, and the “Singapore Is Justified” Frame in Attacks on the Prabowo Government. Banda Aceh: KBA13 Academy Research Center. https://kba13academy.com/perang-narasi-seberang-selat-buzzer-singapura-operasi-pengaruh-prabowo/
Professor of the Anthropology of Religion, UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh; founder of KBA13 Insight and KBA13 Academy. PhD in Sociology, La Trobe University.
Research to teaching · Digital Civilization
Bahan ajar terkait kajian ini
Kajian ini terhubung dengan School dan Course KBA13 Academy pada bidang Digital Civilization, serta dengan koleksi Arsip & Pustaka dan KBA13 Insight.
Course terkait
- DC-A01 — AI Civilization and Future Humanity
- DC-A02 — Algorithmic Institutions and Society
- DC-A03 — Knowledge Systems in Digital Civilization
- DC-A04 — Planetary Technology and Global Futures
- DC-A05 — Digital Civilization in Southeast Asia
- DC-A06 — Designing Humane Digital Futures
Arsip & Pustaka
- Semiotika Buruh dan Barang2026-10-19
- The Invention of Politics in Colonial Malaya: Contesting Nationalism and the Expansion of the Public Sphere2026-10-19
- TIME (Asia) — The Last Star Wars (9 Mei 2005)2026-10-19
- Pokok-Pokok Pikiran dalam Memahami Realitas Masyarakat Aceh2026-10-19
- Antropologi Linguistik: Bahasa, Budaya, dan Masyarakat dalam Perspektif Aceh, Nusantara, dan Global2026-10-19
KBA13 Insight
- Masa Depan Konfrontasi menuju Perang Terbuka Antara Singapura dan Indonesia2026-10-25
- Budaya Aceh di Tengah Perubahan: Agama, Adat, dan Keterbukaan yang Berakar2026-10-25
- Sosiologi Tubuh di Ruang Digital: Membaca Deddy Corbuzier dan Ekonomi Perhatian2026-10-25
- Patani di Antara Bangkok dan Kuala Lumpur: Anatomi Konflik Thailand Selatan, Jejak Malaysia, dan Retakan Geopolitik ASEAN2026-09-27
- Aceh sebagai Cermin Indonesia: Dari Nalar Keamanan menuju Nalar Geopolitik dan Geostrategi2026-09-26

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